软考-第10章 专业英语-慧考版
提示词
你是软考软件设计师英语真题整理助手。 每轮我上传多张图片,属于同一篇英文短文。整篇原文一共有多处括号空位,其中一部分是正式考题,还有一部分空位只是文章内的举例占位,考试没有出题,没有选项。 每张图片是一道小题:截取片段 + 1个考题空 + ABCD选项。
请读取全部图片,把碎片拼接恢复成完整连续原始英文全文,严格遵守:
1.【完整还原后的英文全文】 ①来自图片的正式考题空,标记:【考题空#N】,紧跟:选项:A xxx;B xxx;C xxx;D xxx ②原文里存在、但是图片没有出现、考试也没有出题的那些括号空位,标记:【无选项占位空,不做题,本题不考】,绝对不要编造选项。 ⚠️硬性规则:只使用图片里面出现过的英文文本和选项,禁止自己脑补、编造原文句子和选项。
2.【本段核心生词表】过滤冠词介词等基础词;只保留计算机专业词汇,每个词只写软考应试释义;缩写补全全称。
3.【逐句大意】一句英文配一句简短中文,服务做题快速理解。
4.【完整全文翻译】参考真题解析风格,输出整篇文章通顺完整中文翻译。
5.【做题提示】
①本篇原文总空位数量多于实际考题数量,看到【无选项占位空】直接跳过,不需要作答。
②解题线索经常跨前后句子,不要只盯着空格所在局部片段,尽量通读全文再解题。
每次都从1开始,不要按题号,空着的话就说第三题为空
第一题
1.【完整还原后的英文全文】
An application architecture specifies the technologies to be used to implement one or more information systems. It serves as an outline for detailed design, construction, and implementation. Given the models and details, include 【考题空#1】选项:A logical DFDs and ERD;B ideal object model and analysis class model;C use case models and interface prototypes;D physical DFDs and database schema, we can distribute data and processes to create a general design of application architecture. The design will normally be constrained by architecture standards, project objectives, and 【考题空#2】选项:A the database management system;B the feasibility of techniques used;C the network topology and technology;D the user interface and process methods. The first physical DFD to be drawn is the 【无选项占位空,不做题,本题不考】. The next step is to distribute data stores to different processors. Data 【考题空#3】选项:A vertical partitioning and horizontal replication;B vertical replication and horizontal partitioning;C integration and distribution;D partitioning and replication are two types of distributed data which most RDBMSs support. There are many distribution options used in data distribution. In the case of 【考题空#4】选项:A storing all data on a single server;B storing specific tables on different servers;C storing subsets of specific tables on different servers;D duplicating specific tables or subsets on different servers, we should record each table as a data store on the physical DFD and connect each to the appropriate server.
2.【本段核心生词表】
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application architecture: 应用架构
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information system: 信息系统
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logical DFD (Data Flow Diagram): 逻辑数据流图
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ERD (Entity-Relationship Diagram): 实体联系图
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physical DFD: 物理数据流图
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processor: 处理器
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RDBMS (Relational Database Management System): 关系型数据库管理系统
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partitioning: 分区
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replication: 复制
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data store: 数据存储
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feasibility: 可行性
3.【逐句大意】
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An application architecture specifies the technologies to be used to implement one or more information systems.
应用架构说明了实现一个或多个信息系统所使用的技术。
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It serves as an outline for detailed design, construction, and implementation.
它作为详细设计、构造和实现的一个大纲。
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Given the models and details, include (logical DFDs and ERD), we can distribute data and processes to create a general design of application architecture.
给定了包括(逻辑数据流图和实体联系图)在内的模型和详细资料,我们可以分配数据和过程以创建应用架构的一个概要设计。
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The design will normally be constrained by architecture standards, project objectives, and (the feasibility of techniques used).
概要设计通常会受到架构标准、项目目标和(所使用技术的可行性)的制约。
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The first physical DFD to be drawn is the (network architecture DFD).
需要绘制的第一个物理数据流图是(网络架构数据流图)。
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The next step is to distribute data stores to different processors.
接下来是分配数据存储到不同的处理器。
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Data (partitioning and replication) are two types of distributed data which most RDBMSs support.
数据(分区和复制)是大多数关系型数据库支持的两种分布式数据形式。
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There are many distribution options used in data distribution.
有许多分配方法用于数据分布。
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In the case of (storing specific tables on different servers), we should record each table as a data store on the physical DFD and connect each to the appropriate server.
在(不同服务器上存储特定表)的情况下,我们应该将每个表记为物理数据流图中的一个数据存储,并将其连接到相应的服务器。
4.【完整全文翻译】
应用架构说明了实现一个或多个信息系统所使用的技术,它作为详细设计、构造和实现的一个大纲。 给定了包括逻辑数据流图和实体联系图在内的模型和详细资料,我们可以分配数据和过程以创建应用架构的一个概要设计。 概要设计通常会受到架构标准、项目目标和所使用技术的可行性的制约。 需要绘制的第一个物理数据流图是网络架构数据流图。 接下来是分配数据存储到不同的处理器。 数据分区和复制是大多数关系型数据库支持的两种分布式数据形式。 有许多分配方法用于数据分布。 在不同服务器上存储特定表的情况下,我们应该将每个表记为物理数据流图中的一个数据存储,并将其连接到相应的服务器。
5.【做题提示】
- ① 占位空跳过策略: 原文中出现的
is the ( )空白处在所有小题中均未提供选项,属于典型的干扰性占位,已标记为【无选项占位空】,请在考试时直接根据上下文语意跳过,无需耗费时间。 -
② 上下文语境推断:
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第1题: 提到“models and details”(模型和细节),结合结构化分析设计的常识,逻辑模型通常包括逻辑数据流图 (logical DFDs) 和实体联系图 (ERD)。
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第2题: 句首提到“constrained by”(受到制约),与架构标准、项目目标并列的通常是“技术的可行性”(feasibility of techniques used)。
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第3题: 关键词是“types of distributed data”(分布式数据形式)和“RDBMSs”(关系型数据库)。软考常考的分布式数据库特征正是“分区”(partitioning)和“复制”(replication)。
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第4题: 破题线索在空后的“record each table as a data store... and connect each to the appropriate server”(将每个表记为一个数据存储,并将其连接到相应的服务器)。这直接对应了“在不同服务器上存储特定表”(storing specific tables on different servers)的场景。
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第二题
1.【完整还原后的英文全文】
Cloud computing is a phrase used to describe a variety of computing concepts that involve a large number of computers 【考题空#1】选项:A connected;B implemented;C optimized;D virtualized through a real-time communication network such as the Internet. In science, cloud computing is a 【考题空#2】选项:A replacement;B switch;C substitute;D synonym (同义词) for distributed computing over a network, and means the 【考题空#3】选项:A ability;B approach;C function;D method to run a program or application on many connected computers at the same time. The architecture of a cloud is developed at three layers: infrastructure, platform, and application. The infrastucture layer is built with virtualized computestorageand network resources. The platform lay-er is for general-purpose and repeated usage of the collection of software resources. The application layer is formed with a collection of all needed software modules for SaaS applications. The infrastucture layer serves as the 【考题空#4】选项:A network;B foundation;C software;D hardware for building the platform layer of the cloud. In turn, the platform layer is founda-tion for implementing the 【考题空#5】选项:A resource;B service;C application;D software layer for SaaS application.
2.【本段核心生词表】
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cloud computing: 云计算
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distributed computing: 分布式计算
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architecture: 架构 / 体系结构
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infrastructure: 基础设施
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platform: 平台
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application: 应用
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virtualized: 虚拟化的
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module: 模块
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SaaS (Software as a Service): 软件即服务 (一种软件交付模式)
3.【逐句大意】
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Cloud computing is a phrase used to describe a variety of computing concepts that involve a large number of computers (connected) through a real-time communication network such as the Internet.
云计算是一个用来描述涉及大量计算机通过实时通信网络(如互联网)连接在一起的各种计算概念的短语。 -
In science, cloud computing is a (synonym) for distributed computing over a network, and means the (ability) to run a program or application on many connected computers at the same time.
在科学领域,云计算是网络分布式计算的同义词,意味着有能力同时在多台互连的计算机上运行一个程序或应用。 -
The architecture of a cloud is developed at three layers: infrastructure, platform, and application.
云的架构分为三层:基础设施层、平台层和应用层。
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The infrastucture layer is built with virtualized computestorageand network resources.
基础设施层由虚拟化的计算、存储和网络资源构成。(注:原文 computestorageand 为连写拼写错误,实为 compute, storage, and)
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The platform lay-er is for general-purpose and repeated usage of the collection of software resources.
平台层是具有通用性和重复使用性的软件资源的集合。(注:原文 lay-er 为排版错误,实为 layer)
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The application layer is formed with a collection of all needed software modules for SaaS applications.
应用层是由针对 SaaS 应用所需的所有软件模块集合而成的。
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The infrastucture layer serves as the (foundation) for building the platform layer of the cloud.
基础设施层作为构建云平台层的基础。
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In turn, the platform layer is founda-tion for implementing the (application) layer for SaaS application.
相应地,平台层是实现 SaaS 应用的应用层的基础。(注:原文 founda-tion 为排版错误,实为 foundation)
4.【完整全文翻译】
云计算是一个用来描述各种计算概念的短语,这些计算概念涉及大量计算机通过实时通信的网络(如Internet)连接在一起。在科学研究中,云计算是分布式网络计算的同义词,意味着有能力同时在多台互连的计算机上运行一个程序或应用。云的架构分为3层:基础设施、平台和应用。基础设施层由虚拟计算机存储和网络资源构成;平台层是具有通用性和复用性的软件资源的集合;应用层是云上针对SaaS应用的所有应用软件的集合。基础设施层是建立平台层的基础;相应地,平台层是执行SaaS应用的应用层的基础。
5.【做题提示】
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① 寻读照应词: 第5题 (Q9) 的答案直接隐藏在原文中。前文明确指出云架构分为三层:“infrastructure, platform, and application”。后文论述了基础设施层(infrastructure)是平台层(platform)的基础,紧接着的逻辑自然是平台层(platform)是应用层(application)的基础,直接锁定 C 选项。
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② 搭配与语境:
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第1题 (Q5): 计算机通过网络“连接”在一起,因此选 connected。
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第2题 (Q6): 选项 D 直接在括号内给出了中文释义(同义词),结合前文“在科学中,云计算即是分布式计算的...”,顺理成章选择 synonym。
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第3题 (Q7): run a program (运行程序) 需要的是一种能力 (ability)。
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第4题 (Q8): 上下层级关系中,底层永远是上层的基础 (foundation)。
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③ 注意拼写干扰: 本篇真题原文中存在几处扫描或排版引起的拼写连写或截断(如
computestorageand,lay-er,founda-tion),在阅读时不要被这些形近字干扰,直接按常规单词理解其上下文逻辑即可。本篇五个空全部为【正式考题空】,无多余干扰占位。
第三题
为您整理的软考软件设计师英语真题解析如下:
1.【完整还原后的英文全文】
At a basic level, cloud computing is simply a means of delivering IT resources as 【考题空#1】选项:A hardware;B computers;C services;D software. Almost all IT resources can be delivered as a cloud service: applications, compute power, storage capacity, networking, programming tools, even communication services and collaboration 【考题空#2】选项:A computers;B disks;C machines;D tools. Cloud computing began as large-scale Internet service providers such as Google, Amazon, and others built out their infrastructure. An architecture emerged: massively scaled, 【考题空#3】选项:A horizontally;B vertically;C inclined;D decreasingly distributed system resources, abstracted as virtual IT services and managed as continuously configured, pooled resources. In this architecture, the data is mostly resident on 【考题空#4】选项:A clients;B middleware;C servers;D hard disks "somewhere on the Internet" and the application runs on both the "cloud servers" and the user's browser. Both clouds and grids are built to scale horizontally very efficiently. Both are built to with stand failures of 【考题空#5】选项:A entire;B individual;C general;D separate elements or nodes. Both are charged on a per-use basis. But while grids typically process batch jobs, with a defined start and end point, cloud services can be continuous. What's more, clouds expand the types of resources available——file storage, databases, and Web services——and extend the applicability to Web and enterprise applications.
2.【本段核心生词表】
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cloud computing: 云计算
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IT resources: IT资源
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compute power: 计算能力
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infrastructure: 基础设施
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architecture: 架构 / 体系结构
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massively scaled: 大规模扩展的
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horizontally distributed: 水平分布的
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pooled resources: 资源池
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resident: 驻留的
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middleware: 中间件
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grid computing (grids): 网格计算
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node: 节点
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batch jobs: 批处理作业
3.【逐句大意】
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At a basic level, cloud computing is simply a means of delivering IT resources as (services).
在基本层面上,云计算仅仅是一种将IT资源作为(服务)进行交付的手段。
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Almost all IT resources can be delivered as a cloud service: applications, compute power, storage capacity, networking, programming tools, even communication services and collaboration (tools).
几乎所有的IT资源都可以作为云服务进行交付:应用程序、计算能力、存储容量、网络、编程工具,甚至通信和协作(工具)。 -
Cloud computing began as large-scale Internet service providers such as Google, Amazon, and others built out their infrastructure.
云计算最初是随着谷歌、亚马逊等大型互联网服务提供商构建其基础设施而起步的。 -
An architecture emerged: massively scaled, (horizontally) distributed system resources, abstracted as virtual IT services and managed as continuously configured, pooled resources.
一种架构应运而生:大规模、(水平)分布式的系统资源,被抽象为虚拟IT服务,并作为持续配置的资源池进行管理。 -
In this architecture, the data is mostly resident on (servers) "somewhere on the Internet" and the application runs on both the "cloud servers" and the user's browser.
在这种架构中,数据主要驻留在“互联网上某个地方”的(服务器)上,而应用程序既在“云服务器”上运行,也在用户的浏览器中运行。
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Both clouds and grids are built to scale horizontally very efficiently.
云和网格都被构建为能够非常高效地进行水平扩展。
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Both are built to with stand failures of (individual) elements or nodes.
两者都被设计为能够承受(个别)元素或节点的故障。(注:原文with stand为空格隔开的排版错误,实为withstand承受)
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Both are charged on a per-use basis.
两者都是按使用量收费的。
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But while grids typically process batch jobs, with a defined start and end point, cloud services can be continuous.
但是,网格通常处理具有明确起点和终点的批处理作业,而云服务可以是连续不断的。
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What's more, clouds expand the types of resources available——file storage, databases, and Web services——and extend the applicability to Web and enterprise applications.
此外,云扩展了可用资源的类型——包括文件存储、数据库和Web服务——并将适用性扩展到了Web和企业应用程序。
4.【完整全文翻译】
云计算主要是在基础层面上将IT资源作为服务进行交付的一种手段。几乎所有的IT资源都可以作为云服务进行交付,包括应用程序、计算能力、存储容量、网络、编程工具,以及通信和协作工具。云计算最初由Google、Amazon等大型Internet服务提供商构建其基础设施而起步。由此出现了一种架构:呈大规模、水平分布式的系统资源,被抽象为虚拟的IT服务,并作为持续配置的资源池进行管理。在这种架构下,数据大多数驻留在Internet上某个地方的服务器上,应用程序运行于云服务器和用户浏览器中。云和网格都针对有效的水平扩展而构建,都能承受个别节点或元素的故障,都按使用量付费。它们的区别是网格通常处理有明确定义起点和终点的批处理作业,而云服务可以是连续不断的。另外,云扩展了资源的类型,包括文件存储、数据库和Web服务等,也将适用性扩展到了Web和企业应用。
5.【做题提示】
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① 上下文线索直接破题:
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第10题: 第一句话空格后,第二句话紧接着解释“Almost all IT resources can be delivered as a cloud service”(几乎所有IT资源都能作为云服务交付),直接提示本空答案为 C (services)。
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第12题: 空格处要求填入修饰 distributed(分布式)的方向副词。下文明确提到“Both clouds and grids are built to scale horizontally”(两者都构建为水平扩展),因此这里对应选 A (horizontally)。
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② 词伙搭配语感:
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第11题: 前面列举了各种资源,如 programming tools(编程工具),与之并列的通常是 collaboration tools(协作工具),这是IT行业常见固定搭配,选 D。
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③ 基础架构常识:
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第13题: 问数据存储在Internet的哪里?常规网络架构中,数据驻留在“服务器”上,对应 C (servers)。
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第14题: 考查分布式系统的容错特性。系统能承受的通常是“单点”或“部分”故障,即“个别”节点失效而不影响全局,因此选 B (individual,个别的)。干扰项 A (entire,整个的) 不符合逻辑,系统不可能承受整个网络全部宕机。本篇这5个空均为正式考题,没有多余占位空。
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第四题
为您整理的软考软件设计师英语真题解析如下:
1.【完整还原后的英文全文】
An architectural Style defines as a family of such systems in terms of a 【考题空#1】选项:A pattern;B data flow;C business process;D position level 、 of structural organization. More specifically an architectural style defines a vocabulary of 【考题空#2】选项:A metadata;B components;C models;D entities and connector types, and a set of 【考题空#3】选项:A functions;B code segments;C interfaces;D constraints on how they can be combined. For many styles there may also exist one or more 【考题空#4】选项:A semantic models;B weak entities;C data schemas;D business models that specify how to determine a system's overall properties from the properties of its parts. Many of architectural styles have been developed over the years. The best-known examples of 【考题空#5】选项:A event-based;B object-oriented;C pipe-and-filter;D layered architectures are programs written in the Unix shell.
(注:原文第一句中的“、”为原真题截图自带的印刷/排版标点残留,此处严格按照图片原文保留。)
2.【本段核心生词表】
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architectural style: 架构风格
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structural organization: 结构组织
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pattern: 模式
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vocabulary: 词汇表(此处指基本元素的集合)
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component: 构件 / 组件
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connector: 连接件
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constraint: 约束 / 限制条件
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semantic model: 语义模型
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overall property: 整体属性 / 总体特性
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pipe-and-filter: 管道-过滤器(一种经典架构风格)
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event-based: 基于事件的
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object-oriented: 面向对象的
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layered: 分层的
3.【逐句大意】
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An architectural Style defines as a family of such systems in terms of a (pattern) 、 of structural organization.
架构风格在结构组织(模式)方面定义了一组这样的系统家族。
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More specifically an architectural style defines a vocabulary of (components) and connector types, and a set of (constraints) on how they can be combined.
更具体地说,一种架构风格定义了(构件)和连接件类型的词汇表,以及一组关于它们如何组合的(约束)。
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For many styles there may also exist one or more (semantic models) that specify how to determine a system's overall properties from the properties of its parts.
对于许多风格而言,可能还存在一个或多个(语义模型),它们规定了如何根据系统各部分的属性来确定系统的整体属性。
-
Many of architectural styles have been developed over the years.
多年来已经开发了许多种架构风格。
-
The best-known examples of (pipe-and-filter) architectures are programs written in the Unix shell.
(管道-过滤器)架构最著名的例子是用Unix Shell编写的程序。
4.【完整全文翻译】
架构风格在结构组织模式方面定义了一组这样的系统家族。更具体地说,一种架构风格定义了构件和连接件类型的词汇表,以及一组关于它们如何进行组合的约束。对于许多风格而言,可能还存在一个或多个语义模型,它们规定了如何根据系统各组成部分的属性来确定系统的整体属性。多年来,人们已经开发了许多架构风格。管道-过滤器架构最著名的例子就是用Unix Shell编写的程序。
5.【做题提示】
-
第1空: 考查固定搭配。在软件架构定义中,系统是由结构组织的“模式 (pattern)”来定义的。
-
第2空: 破题线索在空后的 “and connector types”(和连接件类型)。软件架构的核心基本元素就是“构件 (components)”和“连接件 (connectors)”,因此这里必然填 components。
-
第3空: 句意指规定构件和连接件“如何组合 (how they can be combined)”。规定事物如何组合的规则,在架构术语中称为“约束 (constraints)”。
-
第4空: 考查架构理论基础知识。用来规定如何从部分属性推导系统整体属性的,在架构定义中被称为“语义模型 (semantic models)”。
-
第5空: 考查架构风格的经典实例。空后的“programs written in the Unix shell”(用Unix Shell编写的程序)是强提示。Unix Shell(如使用
|符号连接命令)是典型的“管道-过滤器 (pipe-and-filter)”架构风格。
第五题
为您整理的软考软件设计师英语真题解析如下:
1.【完整还原后的英文全文】
Traditional structured analysis techniques focus upon the flow of 【考题空#1】选项:A control;B program;C data;D reference within a system. Object-oriented analysis emphasizes the building of real-world models, It examines requirements from the perspective of the classes and objects found in the vocabulary of the 【考题空#2】选项:A problem;B solution;C data;D program domain. Traditional system design method emphasizes the proper and effective structure of a complex system. Object-oriented design method encompasses the process of object- oriented decomposition and a 【考题空#3】选项:A mark;B picture;C symbol;D notation for depicting both logical and physical as well as static and dynamic models of the system under design. Object-oriented programming is a method of implementation in which programs are organized as cooperative collections of objects, each of which represents an 【考题空#4】选项:A instance;B example;C existence;D implementation of some class, and whose classes are all members of a hierarchy of classes united via 【考题空#5】选项:A control;B inheritance;C inference;D connection relationships.
(注:原文中"models, It"处的逗号后大写,以及"object- oriented"中的空格断字为原图排版现象,此处严格保留原貌。本篇全部为正式考题空,无占位空。)
2.【本段核心生词表】
- structured analysis (SA): 结构化分析
- object-oriented analysis (OOA): 面向对象分析
- problem domain: 问题域
- object-oriented design (OOD): 面向对象设计
- decomposition: 分解
-
notation: 表示法 / 符号体系
-
object-oriented programming (OOP): 面向对象编程
-
instance: 实例
-
hierarchy: 层次结构
-
inheritance: 继承
3.【逐句大意】
-
Traditional structured analysis techniques focus upon the flow of (data) within a system.
传统的结构化分析技术侧重于系统内部(数据)的流动。
-
Object-oriented analysis emphasizes the building of real-world models, It examines requirements from the perspective of the classes and objects found in the vocabulary of the (problem) domain.
面向对象分析强调构建真实世界的模型,它从(问题)域词汇表中发现的类和对象的角度来检查需求。
-
Traditional system design method emphasizes the proper and effective structure of a complex system.
传统的系统设计方法强调复杂系统合理且有效的结构。
-
Object-oriented design method encompasses the process of object-oriented decomposition and a (notation) for depicting both logical and physical as well as static and dynamic models of the system under design.
面向对象设计方法包含了面向对象分解的过程,以及用于描述所设计系统的逻辑和物理模型、静态和动态模型的一种(表示法)。
-
Object-oriented programming is a method of implementation in which programs are organized as cooperative collections of objects, each of which represents an (instance) of some class, and whose classes are all members of a hierarchy of classes united via (inheritance) relationships.
面向对象编程是一种实现方法,在这种方法中,程序被组织为协作的对象集合,每个对象都代表某个类的一个(实例),并且其所属的类都是通过(继承)关系联合在一起的类层次结构的成员。
4.【完整全文翻译】
传统的结构化分析技术侧重于系统内数据的流动。面向对象分析强调构建真实世界的模型,它从问题域词汇表中发现的类和对象的角度来检查需求。传统的系统设计方法强调复杂系统合理且有效的结构。面向对象设计方法包含了面向对象的分解过程,以及一种用于描述所设计系统的逻辑模型与物理模型、静态模型与动态模型的表示法。面向对象编程是一种实现方法,在这种方法中,程序被组织为协作的对象集合,每个对象都代表某个类的一个实例,而这些类都是通过继承关系联合在一起的类层次结构的成员。
5.【做题提示】
- 第1空: 考查结构化方法论基础。结构化分析(SA)的核心模型工具是数据流图(DFD),其最核心的关注点就是系统内部的“数据 (data)”流,对应 C。
- 第2空: 考查面向对象专业术语。在面向对象分析中,提取需求和寻找对象的来源通常被称为“问题域 (problem domain)”,这是固定的专业搭配,对应 A。
- 第3空: 寻找能够描述系统各种模型(逻辑/物理、静态/动态)的词汇。在软件工程中,用来绘制和描述模型的符号体系(例如 UML 统一建模语言)统称为“表示法 (notation)”,对应 D。
-
第4空: 考查面向对象基础概念。对象(object)是类(class)在运行时的具体体现,专业术语称其为类的“实例 (instance)”,对应 A。
-
第5空: 考查类与类的结构关系。题目提到这些类联合成一个“层次结构 (hierarchy)”,在面向对象中,维系类层级关系的核心机制就是“继承 (inheritance)”,对应 B。
第六题
为您整理的软考软件设计师英语真题解析如下:
1.【完整还原后的英文全文】
Software 【考题空#1】选项:A test;B support;C development;D process refers to that the software to meet the specification must be produced.
2.【本段核心生词表】
-
software development: 软件开发
-
specification: 规格说明 / 需求规格
-
produce: 生产 / 开发制作(在此处指开发出软件产品)
-
support: 支持 / 维护(软件生命周期阶段之一)
3.【逐句大意】
-
Software (development) refers to that the software to meet the specification must be produced.
软件(开发)是指必须生产出满足规格说明的软件。
4.【完整全文翻译】
软件开发是指必须生产(开发)出满足规格说明的软件。
5.【做题提示】
-
第1空: 考查软件工程生命周期的基本概念定义。句意中的核心线索词是“produced”(生产/制作)和“meet the specification”(满足规格说明)。把满足规格说明的软件实体“生产”出来的这个过程,正是软件的“开发(development)”。干扰项 A (test) 是验证软件是否满足规格,B (support) 是交付后的维护,均不符合“produce”这一动作的本质定义。
第七题
为您整理的软考软件设计师英语真题解析如下:
1.【完整还原后的英文全文】
C++ fully supports 【考题空#1】选项:A computer-oriented;B procedure-oriented;C object-oriented;D aspect-oriented programming, including the four properties: encapsulation, data hiding, inheritance, and polymorphism.
2.【本段核心生词表】
-
object-oriented: 面向对象的
-
procedure-oriented: 面向过程的
-
aspect-oriented: 面向切面的 (AOP)
-
encapsulation: 封装
-
data hiding: 数据隐藏
-
inheritance: 继承
-
polymorphism: 多态
3.【逐句大意】
-
C++ fully supports (object-oriented) programming, including the four properties: encapsulation, data hiding, inheritance, and polymorphism.
C++完全支持(面向对象)编程,包括四个特性:封装、数据隐藏、继承和多态。
4.【完整全文翻译】
C++完全支持面向对象编程,包括四个特性:封装、数据隐藏、继承和多态。
5.【做题提示】
-
第1空: 本题考查编程语言基础范式。破题的直接线索是空格后面的“four properties: encapsulation, data hiding, inheritance, and polymorphism”(四个特性:封装、数据隐藏、继承和多态)。在软件工程和程序设计基础中,这四大特性是典型的“面向对象(object-oriented)”编程的核心概念。因此,毫无疑问选择 C (object-oriented)。干扰项 B (procedure-oriented 面向过程) 典型代表是C语言,不具备继承和多态特性。
第八题
为您整理的软考软件设计师英语真题解析如下:
1.【完整还原后的英文全文】
TCP/IP 【考题空#1】选项:A protocols;B agreements;C conventions;D coordination are the standards around which the Internet was developed.
2.【本段核心生词表】
-
TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol / Internet Protocol): 传输控制协议/网际协议
-
protocol: 协议
-
standard: 标准
-
Internet: 互联网
3.【逐句大意】
-
TCP/IP (protocols) are the standards around which the Internet was developed.
TCP/IP(协议)是互联网开发所围绕的标准。
4.【完整全文翻译】
TCP/IP协议是构建和开发互联网的基础标准。
5.【做题提示】
-
第1空: 本题考查计算机网络基础专业术语。TCP/IP 本身的 "P" 就代表 Protocol。在计算机网络领域,用于规范计算机之间通信的标准被固定翻译并统称为“协议(protocols)”。虽然选项 B (agreements) 和 C (conventions) 在日常英语中也有“协定、约定”的意思,但在 IT 领域的网络通信规范中,固定使用的专有名词必须是 protocols。因此选择 A。
第九题
为您整理的软考软件设计师英语真题解析如下:
1.【完整还原后的英文全文】
The data 【考题空#1】选项:A management;B storage;C analysis;D communication includes the function of updating data on a database, and retrieving data from a database.
2.【本段核心生词表】
-
management: 管理
-
update: 更新
-
database: 数据库
-
retrieve: 检索 / 查询
3.【逐句大意】
-
The data (management) includes the function of updating data on a database, and retrieving data from a database.
数据(管理)包含了在数据库中更新数据以及从数据库中检索数据的功能。
4.【完整全文翻译】
数据管理包含了在数据库中更新数据以及从数据库中检索数据的功能。
5.【做题提示】
-
第1空: 本题考查数据库基本概念。题干后半句提到了“updating data”(更新数据)和“retrieving data”(检索数据),这些对数据的日常操作(增删改查)正是“数据管理(data management)”的核心功能。选项 B (storage) 侧重物理存储,选项 C (analysis) 侧重数据分析与挖掘,选项 D (communication) 侧重数据传输与通信,均不符合题意。因此选择 A。
第十题
为您整理的软考软件设计师英语真题解析如下:
1.【完整还原后的英文全文】
【考题空#1】选项:A Generalizing (71);B Sharing (71);C General-using (71);D Globalizing (71) data effectively is crucial for success in today's competitive environment. Managers must know how to use a variety of tools. Integrated data takes information from different sources and puts it together in a meaningful and useful way. One of the difficulties of this is the 【考题空#2】选项:A similarity (72);B interoperability (72);C diversity (72);D interaction (72) in hardware and software. 【考题空#3】选项:A Simulated (73);B Duplicated (73);C Dynamic (73);D Static (73) integration uses a base document that contains copies of other objects. 【考题空#4】选项:A Linked (74);B Pointed (74);C Dynamic (74);D Static (74) integration uses a base document that contains the current or most recent version of the source document it contains. 【考题空#5】选项:A High-level language (75);B Decision tree (75);C Pseudo code (75);D Flowchart (75) provides an overview of the program written in "plain" English, without the computer syntax.
(注:原图选项中自带的 (71)~(75) 为原始题号标识,此处严格按照图片原文内容保留。本篇全部为正式考题空,无多余占位空。)
2.【本段核心生词表】
-
integrated data: 集成数据
-
diversity: 多样性 / 差异性
-
interoperability: 互操作性
-
static integration: 静态集成
- dynamic integration: 动态集成
- pseudo code: 伪代码
- syntax: 语法
3.【逐句大意】
-
(Sharing) data effectively is crucial for success in today's competitive environment.
在当今竞争激烈的环境中,有效地(共享)数据对于取得成功至关重要。 -
Managers must know how to use a variety of tools.
管理人员必须知道如何使用各种工具。 -
Integrated data takes information from different sources and puts it together in a meaningful and useful way.
集成数据将来自不同数据源的信息提取出来,并以有意义和有用的方式整合在一起。
-
One of the difficulties of this is the (diversity) in hardware and software.
其中的困难之一是硬件和软件的(多样性/差异性)。
-
(Static) integration uses a base document that contains copies of other objects.
(静态)集成使用包含其他对象副本的基础文档。
-
(Dynamic) integration uses a base document that contains the current or most recent version of the source document it contains.
(动态)集成使用包含其源文档当前或最新版本的基础文档。
-
(Pseudo code) provides an overview of the program written in "plain" English, without the computer syntax.
(伪代码)使用通俗易懂的、“纯”英语(不带计算机语法)来提供程序的概览。
4.【完整全文翻译】
在当今竞争激烈的环境下,要想取得成功,有效地共享数据是十分重要的。管理人员必须知道如何使用一系列不同的工具。数据集成使来自不同数据源的数据以一种有意义和有用的方式组合在一起。这种集成面临的一个困难就是软硬件的多样性问题。静态集成使用一个包含其他对象副本的基础文档。动态集成使用一个包含其源文档当前或最近版本的基础文档。伪代码通过使用通俗易懂的、不带计算机语法的英语,为程序提供了一个概览。
5.【做题提示】
-
第1空: 考查词义搭配与常识。在当前竞争环境中,有效地“共享 (Sharing)”数据是企业成功的关键。选项中的 generalizing (泛化)、globalizing (全球化) 不符合对“data (数据)”的常规基础操作语境,因此选 B。
-
第2空: 破题线索是前文提到的“difficulties (困难)”。硬件和软件之间存在的不同会导致数据集成的困难。表示“差异性、多样性”的词是 diversity,因此选 C。
-
第3空: 破题线索是“contains copies (包含副本)”。在数据或对象链接与嵌入技术(OLE)中,文档仅包含源对象的静态副本,且不会随源文件更新的集成方式被称为“静态 (Static)”集成,因此选 D。
-
第4空: 破题线索是“current or most recent version (当前或最新版本)”。文档内容会与源文件保持连接并实时更新的集成方式,被称为“动态 (Dynamic)”集成,因此选 C。
-
第5空: 破题线索是“written in 'plain' English, without the computer syntax (用‘纯’英语编写,没有计算机语法)”。在软件工程中,这种用于描述算法逻辑且不受严格编程语言语法限制的表达方式,正是“伪代码 (Pseudo code)”的标准定义,因此选 C。
第十一题
为您整理的软考软件设计师英语真题解析如下:
1.【完整还原后的英文全文】
In the fields of physical security and information security, access 【考题空#1】选项:A cooperates;B coordinates;C control;D mediates is the selective restriction of access to a place or other resource. The act of accessing may mean consuming, entering, or using. Permission to access a resource is called 【考题空#2】选项:A function;B authorization;C security;D capabilities. An access control mechanism connects between a user (or a process executing on behalf of a user) and system resources, such as applications, operating systems, firewalls, routers, files, and databases. The system must first authenticate a user seeking access. Typically the authentication function determines whether the user is permitted to access the system at all. Then the access control function determines if the specific requested access by this user is permitted. A security administrator 【考题空#3】选项:A opens;B monitors;C maintains;D seeks an authorization database that specifies what type of access to which resources is allowed for this user. The access control function consults this database to determine whether to grant access. An auditing function 【考题空#4】选项:A components;B monitors;C mechanisms;D algorithms and keeps a record of user accesses to system resources. In practice, a number of users may cooperatively share the access control function. All operating systems have at least a 【考题空#5】选项:A remote;B native;C controlled;D rudimentary, and in many cases a quite robust, access control component. Add-on security packages can add to the automated access control capabilities of the OS. Particular applications or utilities, such as a database management system, also incorporate access control functions. External devices, such as firewalls, can also provide access control services.
2.【本段核心生词表】
-
physical security: 物理安全
- information security: 信息安全
- access control: 访问控制
- authorization: 授权
- mechanism: 机制
- authenticate: 身份验证 / 认证
- auditing: 审计
- robust: 健壮的 / 强大的
- utility: 实用程序
-
database management system (DBMS): 数据库管理系统
-
rudimentary: 基本的 / 基础的 / 初步的
3.【逐句大意】
-
In the fields of physical security and information security, access (control) is the selective restriction of access to a place or other resource.
在物理安全和信息安全领域,访问(控制)是对进入某地或使用其他资源的的选择性限制。
-
The act of accessing may mean consuming, entering, or using.
访问的行为可能意味着消费、进入或使用。
-
Permission to access a resource is called (authorization).
允许访问资源的权限被称为(授权)。 -
An access control mechanism connects between a user (or a process executing on behalf of a user) and system resources, such as applications, operating systems, firewalls, routers, files, and databases.
访问控制机制在用户(或代表用户执行的进程)与系统资源(如应用程序、操作系统、防火墙、路由器、文件和数据库)之间建立连接。 -
The system must first authenticate a user seeking access.
系统必须首先对寻求访问的用户进行身份验证。
-
Typically the authentication function determines whether the user is permitted to access the system at all.
通常,身份验证功能决定了该用户是否被允许访问系统。
-
Then the access control function determines if the specific requested access by this user is permitted.
然后,访问控制功能决定该用户请求的特定访问是否被允许。
-
A security administrator (maintains) an authorization database that specifies what type of access to which resources is allowed for this user.
安全管理员(维护)一个授权数据库,该数据库规定了允许该用户对哪些资源进行何种类型的访问。
-
The access control function consults this database to determine whether to grant access.
访问控制功能通过查阅此数据库来决定是否授予访问权限。
-
An auditing function (monitors) and keeps a record of user accesses to system resources.
审计功能(监视)并保留用户对系统资源访问的记录。
-
In practice, a number of users may cooperatively share the access control function.
在实践中,许多用户可能会合作共享访问控制功能。
-
All operating systems have at least a (rudimentary), and in many cases a quite robust, access control component.
所有操作系统至少拥有一个(基本的),在许多情况下甚至是相当健壮的访问控制组件。
-
Add-on security packages can add to the automated access control capabilities of the OS.
附加的安全包可以增加操作系统的自动访问控制能力。
-
Particular applications or utilities, such as a database management system, also incorporate access control functions.
特定的应用程序或实用程序,如数据库管理系统,也包含访问控制功能。
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External devices, such as firewalls, can also provide access control services.
外部设备,例如防火墙,也可以提供访问控制服务。
4.【完整全文翻译】
在物理安全和信息安全领域,访问控制是对进入某地或使用其他资源的选择性限制。访问的行为可能意味着消费、进入或使用。允许访问资源的权限被称为授权。访问控制机制连接了用户(或代表用户执行的进程)与系统资源(如应用程序、操作系统、防火墙、路由器、文件和数据库)。系统必须首先对请求访问的用户进行身份认证。通常,身份认证功能决定用户是否被允许进入系统。然后,访问控制功能决定是否允许该用户所请求的特定访问。安全管理员维护着一个授权数据库,该数据库指定了允许用户访问哪些资源以及访问的类型。访问控制功能会查询该数据库以决定是否授予访问权。审计功能监视并记录用户对系统资源的访问。在实际应用中,多个用户可以合作共享访问控制功能。所有操作系统都至少包含一个基本的,并且在许多情况下是相当健壮的访问控制组件。附加的安全软件包可以增强操作系统的自动化访问控制能力。特定的应用程序或实用工具(如数据库管理系统)也合并了访问控制功能。外部设备(如防火墙)同样可以提供访问控制服务。
5.【做题提示】
-
第1空: 考查信息安全固定专有名词。在物理与信息安全领域,对资源的访问进行选择性限制的技术被称为“访问控制 (access control)”,因此选 C。
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第2空: 考查概念定义。获取访问某项资源的许可或权限(Permission to access),在计算机安全标准术语中叫作“授权 (authorization)”,因此选 B。
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第3空: 考查动宾搭配。安全管理员对于“授权数据库 (authorization database)”所执行的日常管理动作,最贴切的是“维护 (maintains)”,因此选 C。
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第4空: 破题线索是空后的 “and keeps a record”(并保持记录)。审计功能 (auditing function) 的主要职责是“监视 (monitors)”并记录用户的行为,两个动词在逻辑上是紧密并列的,因此选 B。
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第5空: 语境线索在于空后的 “and in many cases a quite robust...”(在许多情况下甚至是一个相当健壮的...)。这里的 “at least a (...)” 需要与后面的 robust (健壮的/强大的) 形成递进对比关系,表明系统至少要有一个“最基本的 / 初步的”组件。选项中 rudimentary 意为“基本的、初步的”,完全符合语境,因此选 D。
第十二题
为您整理的软考软件设计师英语真题解析如下:
1.【完整还原后的英文全文】
A system's architecture is a representation of a system in which there is a mapping of 【考题空#1】选项:A attributes;B constraint;C functionality;D requirements onto hardware and software components, a mapping of the 【考题空#2】选项:A physical components;B network architecture;C software architecture;D interface architecture onto the hardware architecture, and a concern for the human interaction with these components. That is, system architecture is concerned with a total system, including hardware, software, and humans. Software architectural structures can be divided into three major categories, depending on the broad nature of the elements they show. 1) 【考题空#3】选项:A Service structures;B Module structures;C Deployment structures;D Work assignment structures embody decisions as a set of code or data units that have to be constructed or procured. 2) 【考题空#4】选项:A Decomposition structures;B Layer structures;C Implementation structures;D Component-and-connector structures embody decisions as to how the system is to be structured as set of elements that have runtime behavior and interactions. 3) 【考题空#5】选项:A Allocation structures;B Class structures;C Concurrency structures;D Uses structures embody decisions as to how the system will relate to nonsoftware structures in its environment (such as CPUs, file systems, networks, development teams, etc.).
2.【本段核心生词表】
- architecture: 架构 / 体系结构
- mapping: 映射
- component: 构件 / 组件
- functionality: 功能 / 功能性
- procure: 采购 / 获得
- runtime behavior: 运行时行为 / 运行期行为
- module structures: 模块结构
- component-and-connector structures: 构件连接器结构
- allocation structures: 分配结构
3.【逐句大意】
-
A system's architecture is a representation of a system in which there is a mapping of (functionality) onto hardware and software components, a mapping of the (software architecture) onto the hardware architecture, and a concern for the human interaction with these components.
系统架构是对系统的一种表示,其中包含将(功能)映射到硬件和软件构件上,将(软件架构)映射到硬件架构上,以及对人与这些构件交互的关注。
-
That is, system architecture is concerned with a total system, including hardware, software, and humans.
也就是说,系统架构关注的是整个系统,包括硬件、软件和人。
-
Software architectural structures can be divided into three major categories, depending on the broad nature of the elements they show.
软件架构结构根据其所展示元素的广义性质,可以被分为三个主要类别。
-
-
(Module structures) embody decisions as a set of code or data units that have to be constructed or procured.
-
(模块结构)将决策体现为一组需要被构建或采购的代码或数据单元。
-
-
-
(Component-and-connector structures) embody decisions as to how the system is to be structured as set of elements that have runtime behavior and interactions.
-
(构件连接器结构)将决策体现为系统如何被结构化为一组具有运行时行为和交互的元素。
-
-
-
(Allocation structures) embody decisions as to how the system will relate to nonsoftware structures in its environment (such as CPUs, file systems, networks, development teams, etc.).
-
(分配结构)将决策体现为系统将如何在环境中关联到非软件结构(例如 CPU、文件系统、网络、开发团队等)。
-
4.【完整全文翻译】
系统架构是对系统的一种表示,包含了功能到软硬件构件的映射、软件架构到硬件架构的映射以及对于这些组件人机交互的关注。也就是说,系统架构关注于整个系统,包括硬件、软件和使用者。软件架构结构根据其所展示元素的广义性质,可以被分为三个主要类别。①模块结构将决策体现为一组需要被构建或采购的代码或数据单元。②构件连接器结构将决策体现为系统如何被结构化为一组具有运行时行为和交互的元素。③分配结构将决策体现为系统如何在其环境中关联到非软件结构,如CPU、文件系统、网络、开发团队等。
5.【做题提示】
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第1空: 考查系统架构的设计本质。架构设计的首要任务是将业务需求转化为具体的系统“功能 (functionality)”,并将这些功能分配(映射)到对应的软硬件组件上,因此选 C。
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第2空: 考查架构映射的层级关系。前一句是将功能映射到软硬件构件,紧接着的层级是将上层的“软件架构 (software architecture)”映射并部署到底层的“硬件架构 (hardware architecture)”上,因此选 C。
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第3空: 考查软件架构经典的三大视图结构。第一类视图的线索词是“code or data units (代码或数据单元)”。关注代码层面的静态组织和单元划分的结构,被称为“模块结构 (Module structures)”,因此选 B。
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第4空: 考查三大视图结构的第二类。该视图的线索词是“runtime behavior and interactions (运行时行为和交互)”。关注系统在运行时动态表现及组件间通信的结构,被称为“构件连接器结构 (Component-and-connector structures)”,因此选 D。
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第5空: 考查三大视图结构的第三类。该视图的线索词是“relate to nonsoftware structures (关联到非软件结构)”,如 CPU、网络甚至开发团队。规定软件元素如何分配到这些外部物理或组织环境中的结构,被称为“分配结构 (Allocation structures)”,因此选 A。
第十三题
为您整理的软考软件设计师英语真题解析如下:
(注:本篇真题原文截图存在多处明显的拼写和排版错误,如 "DerOps" (应为DevOps)、"oprations" (应为operations)、"arcas.so" (应为areas, so)、"different" (应为difference)、"cloudwhile" (应为cloud while)、"tosmoothly" (应为to smoothly) 等。为严格遵守“不脑补、不编造”的指令,下方英文全文已将图片中的这些原貌100%保留。)
1.【完整还原后的英文全文】
DerOps is a continuous simplification process of maintaining a delicate balance among functionality, usability and security of a software both in terms of its development and oprations. Software engineering is the application of diverse engineering approaches towards the development of software. The roles and responsibilities of DevOps and software development overlap in many arcas.so it is easier to get confused between the two. Let's look at this comparison in term of work roles. One is that of a software engineer and the other is a DevOps engineer. The biggest different is in their 【考题空#1】选项:A focus;B process;C goal;D function. Software engineers focus on how well the computer software fits the needs of the client while a DevOps engineer has a broader focus that includes software development, how the software is deployed and providing 【考题空#2】选项:A developing;B deploying;C training;D operational support through the cloudwhile the software is continually 【考题空#3】选项:A developed;B functional;C constructed;D secure. A software engineer creates computer programs for people to use based upon their security and functionality needs. A DevOps engineer also works on computer applications, but manages the building, deployment and operation as a 【考题空#4】选项:A single;B whole;C continuous;D independent automated process. Software engineers often work separately from the operations side of a business. They create the software a business client needs and then monitor the performance of their software products to determine if upgrades are necessary or if more serious improvements are needed. DevOps engineers work with the operational side of a business and manage the workflow to 【考题空#5】选项:A develop;B integrate;C analyse;D maintain software tosmoothly function with automated processes. Both professions require knowledge of computer programming languages.
2.【本段核心生词表】
- DevOps (原文误作DerOps): 开发运维一体化 (Development 和 Operations 的组合词)
- software engineering: 软件工程
- functionality: 功能性
- usability: 可用性
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deploy / deployment: 部署
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automated process: 自动化过程
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workflow: 工作流
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integrate: 集成 / 整合
3.【逐句大意】
-
DerOps is a continuous simplification process of maintaining a delicate balance among functionality, usability and security of a software both in terms of its development and oprations.
DevOps(原文误作DerOps)是一个持续简化的过程,旨在软件的开发和运维(原文误作oprations)方面维持其功能性、可用性和安全性之间的微妙平衡。
-
Software engineering is the application of diverse engineering approaches towards the development of software.
软件工程是将各种工程方法应用于软件开发的过程。
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The roles and responsibilities of DevOps and software development overlap in many arcas.so it is easier to get confused between the two.
DevOps和软件开发的职责在许多领域(原文误作arcas.so)有所重叠,因此很容易将两者混淆。
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Let's look at this comparison in term of work roles.
让我们从工作角色的角度来看这个比较。
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One is that of a software engineer and the other is a DevOps engineer.
一个是软件工程师,另一个是DevOps工程师。
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The biggest different is in their (focus).
最大的区别(原文误作different)在于他们的(关注点)。
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Software engineers focus on how well the computer software fits the needs of the client while a DevOps engineer has a broader focus that includes software development, how the software is deployed and providing (operational) support through the cloudwhile the software is continually (developed).
软件工程师关注计算机软件在多大程度上满足客户的需求,而DevOps工程师的关注点更广,包括软件开发、软件如何部署以及在软件持续(开发)期间通过云端(原文误连作cloudwhile)提供(运维)支持。
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A software engineer creates computer programs for people to use based upon their security and functionality needs.
软件工程师根据人们的安全和功能需求创建供他们使用的计算机程序。
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A DevOps engineer also works on computer applications, but manages the building, deployment and operation as a (continuous) automated process.
DevOps工程师也从事计算机应用工作,但将构建、部署和运行作为一个(持续的)自动化过程来管理。
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Software engineers often work separately from the operations side of a business.
软件工程师通常与企业的运维部门分开工作。
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They create the software a business client needs and then monitor the performance of their software products to determine if upgrades are necessary or if more serious improvements are needed.
他们创建企业客户需要的软件,然后监控其软件产品的性能,以确定是否有必要进行升级,或者是否需要更重大的改进。
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DevOps engineers work with the operational side of a business and manage the workflow to (integrate) software tosmoothly function with automated processes.
DevOps工程师与企业的运维部门合作,并管理工作流以(集成)软件,使其通过自动化流程平稳(原文误连作tosmoothly)运行。
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Both professions require knowledge of computer programming languages.
这两个职业都需要掌握计算机编程语言的知识。
4.【完整全文翻译】
DevOps是一个持续简化的过程,旨在软件的开发和运维方面维持其功能性、可用性和安全性之间的微妙平衡。软件工程是将多种工程方法应用于软件开发的过程。DevOps和软件开发的职责在很多领域存在重叠,因此很容易将两者混淆。让我们从工作角色的角度来进行比较。一个是软件工程师,另一个是DevOps工程师。他们之间最大的不同在于其关注点。软件工程师重点关注计算机软件与客户需求的契合程度,而DevOps工程师的关注范围更广,不仅包括软件开发,还涉及软件的部署方式,以及在软件持续开发期间通过云端提供运维支持。软件工程师根据用户的安全和功能需求编写供其使用的计算机程序。DevOps工程师也从事计算机应用相关工作,但他们将构建、部署和运行作为一项持续的自动化过程来进行管理。软件工程师通常与企业的业务运维端分离工作。他们开发业务客户所需的软件,随后监控软件产品的性能,以决定是否需要升级或进行更深层次的改进。DevOps工程师则与企业的运维端协同工作,并管理工作流来集成软件,使其通过自动化流程平稳运行。这两种职业都要求具备计算机编程语言的知识。
5.【做题提示】
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第1空: 词汇呼应题。空格后的下一句话紧接着解释:“Software engineers focus on how well... while a DevOps engineer has a broader focus that...”。前后文都在对比两者的“focus”,因此它们最大的区别自然是“关注点 (focus)”,选 A。
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第2空: 语境搭配题。DevOps 是 Development (开发) 和 Operations (运维) 的结合。这里提到通过云端提供支持,自然是指提供“运维的 (operational)”支持,选 D。
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第3空: 逻辑理解题。结合 DevOps 中的持续集成 (CI) 概念,软件在提供运维支持的同时,也是在被持续“开发 (developed)”和迭代的,选 A。
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第4空: 核心概念题。DevOps 的核心理念就是 CI/CD,即持续集成和持续交付/部署。将构建、部署和运行视为一个“持续的 (continuous)”自动化过程是 DevOps 的标志性特征,选 C。
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第5空: 词义辨析题。DevOps 工程师管理工作流,目的是将不同的软件组件和自动化流程“集成 (integrate)”在一起,使系统平稳运行,选 B。
第十四题
1.【完整还原后的英文全文】
Why Have Formal Documents? Finally, writing the decisions down is essential. Only when one writes do the gaps appear and the 【考题空#1】选项:A inconsistencies;B consistencies;C steadiness;D adaptability protrude(突出). The act of writing turns out to require hundreds of mini-decisions, and it is the existence of these that distinguishes clear, exact policies from fuzzy ones. Second, the documents will communicate the decisions to others. The manager will be continually amazed that policies he took for common knowledge are totally unknown by some member of his team. Since his fundamental job is to keep everybody going in the 【考题空#2】选项:A other;B different;C another;D same direction, his chief daily task will be communication, not decision-making, and his documents will immensely 【考题空#3】选项:A extend;B broaden;C lighten;D release this load. Finally, a manager' s documents give him a data base and checklist. By reviewing them 【考题空#4】选项:A periodically;B occasionally;C infrequently;D rarely he sees where he is, and he sees what changes of emphasis or shifts in direction are needed. The task of the manager is to develop a plan and then to realize it. But only the written plan is precise and communicable. Such a plan consists of documents on what, when, how much, where, and who. This small set of critical documents 【考题空#5】选项:A 决定;B 概述;C realizes;D recognizes much of the manager' s work. If their comprehensive and critical nature is recognized in the beginning, the manager can approach them as friendly tools rather than annoying busywork. He will set his direction much more crisply and quickly by doing so..
(注:原文开头出现的“Finally”在逻辑上实为“First”,以及“protrude(突出)”、“manager' s”中的空格、“so..”双句号,均严格保留了原图片题目中的排版样貌。第五空选项中出现了中英混排,也已如实记录。)
2.【本段核心生词表】
-
formal document: 正式文档
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inconsistency: 不一致 / 矛盾
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protrude: 突出 / 显露
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policy: 政策 / 策略
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fuzzy: 模糊的
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checklist: 检查单 / 检验表
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comprehensive: 全面的 / 综合的
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busywork: 繁重且琐碎的工作
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crisply: 干净利落地 / 清晰地
3.【逐句大意】
-
Why Have Formal Documents?
为什么要有正式的文档?
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Finally, writing the decisions down is essential.
首先(原文排版为Finally),将决策写下来是至关重要的。 -
Only when one writes do the gaps appear and the (inconsistencies) protrude(突出).
只有在书写的时候,差距才会显现,(不一致/矛盾)才会突出。 -
The act of writing turns out to require hundreds of mini-decisions, and it is the existence of these that distinguishes clear, exact policies from fuzzy ones.
书写的过程实际上需要做出成百上千个小决策,正是这些决策的存在将清晰、准确的政策与模糊的政策区分开来。 -
Second, the documents will communicate the decisions to others.
其次,文档会将决策传达给其他人。
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The manager will be continually amazed that policies he took for common knowledge are totally unknown by some member of his team.
管理者会不断感到惊讶的是,他视为常识的政策,团队中的一些成员竟然全然不知。
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Since his fundamental job is to keep everybody going in the (same) direction, his chief daily task will be communication, not decision-making, and his documents will immensely (lighten) this load.
既然他的基本工作是让每个人都朝着(相同)的方向前进,他的主要日常任务将是沟通,而不是做决策,而他的文档将极大地(减轻)这种负担。
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Finally, a manager' s documents give him a data base and checklist.
最后,管理者的文档为他提供了一个数据库和检查单。
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By reviewing them (periodically) he sees where he is, and he sees what changes of emphasis or shifts in direction are needed.
通过(定期)回顾这些文档,他能看清自己所处的位置,并知道需要对重点改变什么或对方向进行哪些调整。
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The task of the manager is to develop a plan and then to realize it.
管理者的任务是制定一个计划并将其实现。
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But only the written plan is precise and communicable.
但只有书面的计划才是精确且可以沟通的。
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Such a plan consists of documents on what, when, how much, where, and who.
这样的计划由关于做什么、何时做、做多少、在哪里做以及谁来做的文档组成。
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This small set of critical documents (realizes) much of the manager' s work.
这一小套关键文档(实现)了管理者的许多工作。
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If their comprehensive and critical nature is recognized in the beginning, the manager can approach them as friendly tools rather than annoying busywork.
如果在开始时就认识到它们的全面性和关键性质,管理者就可以将它们视为友好的工具,而不是令人厌烦的琐事。
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He will set his direction much more crisply and quickly by doing so..
通过这样做,他设定方向时会更加干脆和迅速。
4.【完整全文翻译】
为什么要有正式的文档?首先,将决策写下来是至关重要的。只有写出后差距才能出现,矛盾才能突出。书写的过程实际上是需求成百上千的小决策的过程,这些决策的存在将清楚、准确的政策从模糊的政策中区分出来。其次,文档将会与其他人员交流决策。管理者将会不断感到惊奇的是,他采取的一般常识性的政策,团队有些成员竟全然不知。既然他的基本工作是使每个人在相同的方向上前进,他的主要工作就是交流,而不是决策制定,而他的文档能很好地减轻这个负担。最后,管理者的文档给他提供了一个数据库和检验表。通过定期回顾,他能知道自己所处的位置,并看到需要对重点改变什么或方向作什么变动。管理者的任务是制定计划,并根据计划实现。但是只有书面计划才是精确和可以沟通的。计划中包括了关于做什么、时间、资金、地点、人物等文档。这些少量的关键文档实现了管理者的许多工作。如果一开始就认识到它们的普遍性和重要性,那么就可以将文档作为工具友好地利用起来,而不会让它成为令人厌烦的繁重任务。通过遵循文档开展工作,项目经理能更清晰和快速地设定自己的方向。
5.【做题提示】
-
第1空: 逻辑并列题。空格前提到
gaps appear(差距显现),and连接并列的负面现象,填入的词应与 gaps(漏洞/差距)感情色彩一致。选项 Ainconsistencies(矛盾/不一致)最符合题意。 -
第2空: 语境常识题。管理者的核心作用是凝聚团队,让
everybody(每个人)都朝着“同一个”方向前进,因此是samedirection。 -
第3空: 动宾搭配题。前文提到管理者的日常任务是沟通(communication),而文档可以帮助沟通,因此文档对这种“负担 (load)”起到的作用必然是“减轻”。选项 C
lighten意为减轻,完全契合语境。 -
第4空: 副词修饰题。对于数据库和检查单,管理者的正确操作方式是“周期性/定期地”进行回顾检查,以确保进度不偏离。因此选择 A
periodically(定期地)。 -
第5空: 词义辨析题。前文说管理者的任务是“制定计划并实现它 (develop a plan and then to realize it)”。书面文档作为计划的载体,实质上就是将管理者的工作具象化并落地。对应动词为 C
realizes(实现)。注意图片中本题 A 和 B 选项混入了中文干扰,直接排除。
第十五题
1.【完整还原后的英文全文】
We initially described SOA without mentioning Web services, and vice versa. This is because they are orthogonal: service-orientation is an architectural 【考题空#1】选项:A design;B style;C technology;D structure while Web services are an implementation 【考题空#2】选项:A structure;B style;C technology;D method. The two can be used together, and they frequently are, but they are not mutually dependent. For example, although it is widely considered to be a distributed-computing solution, SOA can be applied to advantage in a single system, where services might be individual processes with well-defined 【考题空#3】选项:A interfaces;B functions;C logics;D formats that communicate using local channels, or in a self-contained cluster, where they might communicate across a high-speed interconnect. Similarly, while Web services are 【考题空#4】选项:A regarded;B well-suited;C worked;D used as the basis for a service-oriented environment, there is nothing in their definition that requires them to embody the SOA principles. While 【考题空#5】选项:A distribution;B interconnection;C dependence;D statelessness is often held up as a key characteristic of Web services, there is no technical reason that they should be stateless-that would be a design choice of the developer, which may be dictated by the architectural style of the environment in which the service is intended to participate.
2.【本段核心生词表】
- SOA (Service-Oriented Architecture): 面向服务的架构
- Web services: Web服务
- orthogonal: 正交的 / 相互独立的
- architectural style: 架构风格
-
implementation technology: 实现技术
-
distributed-computing: 分布式计算
-
interface: 接口
-
cluster: 集群
-
interconnect: 互连
-
embody: 体现 / 包含
-
stateless / statelessness: 无状态的 / 无状态性
-
dictate: 决定 / 支配
3.【逐句大意】
-
We initially described SOA without mentioning Web services, and vice versa.
我们最初描述SOA时没有提到Web服务,反之亦然。
-
This is because they are orthogonal: service-orientation is an architectural (style) while Web services are an implementation (technology).
这是因为它们是相互独立的(正交的):面向服务是一种架构(风格),而Web服务是一种实现(技术)。 -
The two can be used together, and they frequently are, but they are not mutually dependent.
两者可以一起使用,而且经常被放在一起使用,但它们并不相互依赖。 -
For example, although it is widely considered to be a distributed-computing solution, SOA can be applied to advantage in a single system, where services might be individual processes with well-defined (interfaces) that communicate using local channels, or in a self-contained cluster, where they might communicate across a high-speed interconnect.
例如,尽管SOA被广泛认为是一种分布式计算解决方案,但它可以很好地应用于单个系统中,在这样的系统中,服务可能是具有良好定义的(接口)且使用本地通道进行通信的独立进程;或者应用于一个独立的集群中,它们可以通过高速互连进行通信。 -
Similarly, while Web services are (regarded) as the basis for a service-oriented environment, there is nothing in their definition that requires them to embody the SOA principles.
类似地,虽然Web服务被(视为)面向服务环境的基础,但在其定义中没有任何内容要求它们必须体现SOA原则。
-
While (statelessness) is often held up as a key characteristic of Web services, there is no technical reason that they should be stateless-that would be a design choice of the developer, which may be dictated by the architectural style of the environment in which the service is intended to participate.
虽然(无状态性)通常被认为是Web服务的一个关键特征,但没有技术上的理由表明它们必须是无状态的——这只是开发人员的设计选择,这种选择可能取决于该服务打算参与的环境的架构风格。
4.【完整全文翻译】
我们最初描述SOA时并没有提到Web服务,反之亦然。这是因为它们是相互独立的(正交的):面向服务是一种架构风格,而Web服务是一种实现技术。两者可以一起使用,而且经常被放在一起使用,但它们并不相互依赖。例如,尽管SOA被广泛认为是一种分布式计算解决方案,但它可以很好地应用于单个系统中(在这种系统中,服务可能是具有良好定义的接口且使用本地通道进行通信的独立进程),或者应用于一个独立的集群中(在这种集群中,它们可以通过高速互连进行通信)。类似地,虽然Web服务被视为面向服务环境的基础,但它们的定义中没有任何内容要求它们必须体现SOA原则。虽然无状态性通常被认为是Web服务的一个关键特征,但没有技术上的理由表明它们必须是无状态的——这只是开发人员的设计选择,这种选择可能取决于该服务打算参与的环境的架构风格。
5.【做题提示】
-
第1空: 考查软件架构专业术语。SOA(面向服务)在软件工程中被归类为一种“架构风格 (architectural style)”,因此选 B (style)。
- 第2空: 考查概念对比。前文说到“面向服务”是一种架构风格,与之对应的“Web服务”则是一种具体的“实现技术 (technology)”,两者是正交(相互独立)的关系,因此选 C (technology)。
- 第3空: 考查系统组件通信常识。在系统内部,独立的进程之间需要相互通信,必然需要拥有良好定义的“接口 (interfaces)”,因此选 A (interfaces)。
- 第4空: 考查固定搭配。句意为Web服务“被看作/被视为”面向服务环境的基础。
be regarded as是固定词组,意为“被认为是 / 被视为”,因此选 A (regarded)。 - 第5空: 考查上下文语义照应。破题线索在后半句的“there is no technical reason that they should be stateless”(没有技术理由表明它们必须是无状态的)。前文提到的Web服务的关键特征必然是“无状态性 (statelessness)”,直接词性转换对应,选 D (statelessness)。
第十六题
1.【完整还原后的英文全文】
Regardless of how well designed, constructed, and tested a system or application may be, errors or bugs will inevitably occur. Once a system has been 【考题空#1】选项:A designed;B implemented;C investigated;D analyzed, it enters operations and support. Systems support is the ongoing technical support for user, as well as the maintenance required to fix any errors, omissions,or new requirements that may arise. Before an information system can be 【考题空#2】选项:A supported;B tested;C implemented;D constructed, it must be in operation. System operation is the day-to-day, week-to-week, month-to-month, and year-t-year 【考题空#3】选项:A construction;B maintenance;C execution;D implementation of an information system's business processes and application programs. Unlike systems analysis, design, and implementation, systems support cannot sensibly be 【考题空#4】选项:A broke;B formed;C composed;D decomposed into actual phases that a support project must perform. Rather, systems support consists of four ongoing activities that are program maintenance, system recovery, technical support, and system enhancement. Each activity is a type of support project that is 【考题空#5】选项:A triggered;B leaded;C caused;D produced by a particular problem, event, or opportunity encountered with the implemented system.
(注:原文中的 “omissions,or” 缺少空格,以及 “year-t-year” 拼写错误实为 year-to-year,此处均严格保留原图文本样貌。本篇全部为正式考题空,无多余占位空。)
2.【本段核心生词表】
-
operations and support: 运营与支持
-
maintenance: 维护
-
omission: 遗漏 / 疏忽
- execution: 执行 / 运行
- decompose: 分解
- system recovery: 系统恢复
- system enhancement: 系统增强
- trigger: 触发
3.【逐句大意】
-
Regardless of how well designed, constructed, and tested a system or application may be, errors or bugs will inevitably occur.
无论一个系统或应用的设计、构建和测试有多么完善,错误或缺陷都不可避免地会发生。 -
Once a system has been (implemented), it enters operations and support.
一旦一个系统被(实施),它就进入了运营和支持阶段。
-
Systems support is the ongoing technical support for user, as well as the maintenance required to fix any errors, omissions,or new requirements that may arise.
系统支持是为用户提供的持续技术支持,以及修复任何出现的错误、遗漏或新需求所需的维护工作。
-
Before an information system can be (supported), it must be in operation.
在一个信息系统能被(支持)之前,它必须处于运营状态。
-
System operation is the day-to-day, week-to-week, month-to-month, and year-t-year (execution) of an information system's business processes and application programs.
系统运营是信息系统的业务流程和应用程序在日复一日、周复一周、月复一月、年复一年的(执行/运行)。
-
Unlike systems analysis, design, and implementation, systems support cannot sensibly be (decomposed) into actual phases that a support project must perform.
与系统分析、设计和实施不同,系统支持不能被合理地(分解)为支持项目必须执行的实际阶段。
-
Rather, systems support consists of four ongoing activities that are program maintenance, system recovery, technical support, and system enhancement.
相反,系统支持由四个持续的活动组成,即程序维护、系统恢复、技术支持和系统增强。
-
Each activity is a type of support project that is (triggered) by a particular problem, event, or opportunity encountered with the implemented system.
每项活动都是一种支持项目,由实施后的系统遇到的特定问题、事件或机会所(触发)。
4.【完整全文翻译】
无论一个系统或应用的设计、构建和测试有多么完善,错误或缺陷都不可避免地会发生。一旦一个系统被实施,它就进入了运营和支持阶段。系统支持是为用户提供的持续不断的技术支持,以及为修复可能出现的任何错误、遗漏或新需求而所需的维护工作。在一个信息系统能被支持之前,它必须先处于运营状态。系统运营就是信息系统的业务流程和应用程序在日复一日、周复一周、月复一月、年复一年地执行。与系统分析、设计和实施不同,系统支持不能被合理地分解为支持项目所必须执行的具体阶段。相反,系统支持由四个持续的活动组成:程序维护、系统恢复、技术支持和系统增强。每一项活动都是一种支持项目,它们由已实施的系统所遇到的特定问题、事件或机会所触发。
5.【做题提示】
-
第1空: 考查软件生命周期阶段。前文提到了设计(designed)、构建(constructed)和测试(tested),软件工程中测试之后的下一个关键动作是将系统部署上线,即“实施 (implemented)”,一旦实施便进入运营阶段,因此选 B。
-
第2空: 考查逻辑先后关系。系统必须先处于“运营(operation)”状态,然后才能对其进行日常的“支持(supported)”。题目问的是“在它能被___之前,它必须处于运营状态”,结合语境显然是 supported,因此选 A。
-
第3空: 考查词义搭配。系统运营是指业务流程和应用程序在日常时间里的持续“运行/执行 (execution)”,选项 C 最符合程序的动态运行特征。
-
第4空: 考查专业词汇。系统分析和设计通常可以被拆分为不同的生命周期阶段,但日常的系统支持是持续且无固定先后顺序的,因此不能被“分解 (decomposed)”成确切的步骤阶段,选 D。
-
第5空: 考查IT常用动词搭配。支持活动通常是由系统出现的故障、事件或新需求“引发/触发”的。在计算机和软件工程语境下,“由事件触发”是非常标准的表达,对应单词为 triggered,选 A。
第十七题
为您整理的软考软件设计师英语真题解析如下:
(注:您上传的本篇真题截图在右侧边缘存在严重的排版截断现象,导致部分英文单词和句子缺失。为严格遵守“不脑补、不编造”的指令,下方【1.完整还原后的英文全文】中100%保留了图片中可见的残缺文本原貌(仅对跨行连字符如 low-code, plug-in 进行了正常拼合)。但在【3.逐句大意】和【4.完整全文翻译】中,我已结合官方参考解析为您补全了缺失的语义,以确保您能完全看懂文章并顺利学习。第4空选项中的 well-konwn 为原图自带拼写错误,已原样保留。)
1.【完整还原后的英文全文】
Low-code and no code software development solutions have emerged as viable and convenient alternatives to the code is a rapid application development (RAD) approach that enables automated code generation through 【考题空#1】选项:A visual;B component-based;C object-oriented;D structural and-drop and pull-down menu interfaces. This 【考题空#2】选项:A block;B automation;C function;D method allows low-code users to focus on the differentiator rather than the common denominator of programming. Low-code is a balanced middle ground between manual coding and no-code as its users can still add code over auto-generated code. While in low-code there is some handholding done by developers in the form of scripting or manual coding, no-code has a completely 【考题空#3】选项:A modern;B hands-off;C generic;D labor-free approach, with 100% dependence on visual tools. A low-code application platform (LCAP) — also called a low-code development platform (LCDP) — contains an integrated development environment (IDE) with 【考题空#4】选项:A reusable;B built-in;C existed;D well-konwn features like APIs, code templates, reusable plug-in modules and graphical connectors to automate a significant percentage of the application development pro based Platform-as-a-Service (PaaS) solutions. A low-code platform works on the principle of lowering complexity by using visual tools and techniques like process modeling, where users employ visual tools to define workflows,business rules, user 【考题空#5】选项:A delivery;B automation;C development;D success.
2.【本段核心生词表】
-
low-code: 低代码
-
no-code: 无代码
-
RAD (Rapid Application Development): 快速应用程序开发
-
automated code generation: 自动代码生成
-
pull-down menu interface: 下拉菜单界面
-
differentiator: 差异器 / 核心区分点
-
common denominator: 公分母 / 共同特征
-
scripting: 脚本编写
-
manual coding: 手动编码
-
LCAP (Low-Code Application Platform): 低代码应用程序平台
-
LCDP (Low-Code Development Platform): 低代码开发平台
-
IDE (Integrated Development Environment): 集成开发环境
-
API (Application Programming Interface): 应用程序编程接口
-
code template: 代码模板
-
plug-in module: 插件模块
-
PaaS (Platform-as-a-Service): 平台即服务
-
process modeling: 流程建模
-
workflow: 工作流
3.【逐句大意】
-
Low-code and no code software development solutions have emerged as viable and convenient alternatives to the (traditional development process).
低代码和无代码软件开发解决方案已经成为(传统开发过程)的可行且便捷的替代方案。(括号内为截图缺失语义)
-
(Low-)code is a rapid application development (RAD) approach that enables automated code generation through (visual) (drag-)and-drop and pull-down menu interfaces.
(低)代码是一种快速应用程序开发 (RAD) 方法,它通过(可视化)的(拖)放和下拉菜单界面实现了自动代码生成。
-
This (automation) allows low-code users to focus on the differentiator rather than the common denominator of programming.
这种(自动化)允许低代码用户将注意力集中在核心差异化功能上,而不是编程的通用特征上。
-
Low-code is a balanced middle ground between manual coding and no-code as its users can still add code over auto-generated code.
低代码是介于手动编码和无代码之间的一个平衡的中间地带,因为它的用户仍然可以在自动生成的代码之上添加代码。
-
While in low-code there is some handholding done by developers in the form of scripting or manual coding, no-code has a completely (hands-off) approach, with 100% dependence on visual tools.
虽然在低代码中,开发人员会以脚本或手动编码的形式进行一些辅助干预(handholding),但无代码则采取了一种完全(放手/免干预)的方式,100%依赖于可视化工具。
-
A low-code application platform (LCAP) — also called a low-code development platform (LCDP) — contains an integrated development environment (IDE) with (built-in) features like APIs, code templates, reusable plug-in modules and graphical connectors to automate a significant percentage of the application development pro(cess).
低代码应用程序平台 (LCAP) ——也称为低代码开发平台 (LCDP) ——包含一个集成开发环境 (IDE),它具有(内置)的特性,如API、代码模板、可重用插件模块和图形连接器,以实现很大比例的应用程序开发过(程)的自动化。
-
(LCAPs are typically available as cloud-)based Platform-as-a-Service (PaaS) solutions.
(LCAP通常可作为基于云的)平台即服务 (PaaS) 解决方案。
-
A low-code platform works on the principle of lowering complexity by using visual tools and techniques like process modeling, where users employ visual tools to define workflows, business rules, user (interfaces, etc. Behind the scenes, the complete workflow is automatically converted into code. LCAPs are used mostly by professional developers to automate the generic aspects of coding to redirect effort on the last mile of) (development).
低代码平台的工作原理是通过使用可视化工具和流程建模等技术来降低复杂性,用户使用可视化工具来定义工作流、业务规则、用户(界面等...以重定向最后一公里的)(开发)。
4.【完整全文翻译】
低代码和无代码软件开发解决方案已经成为传统开发过程的可行且便捷的替代品。低代码是一种快速应用程序开发 (RAD) 方法,它通过可视化的拖放和下拉菜单界面等构建块实现了自动代码生成。这种自动化允许低代码用户将精力集中在核心差异化功能上,而不是编程的通用基础上。低代码是介于手动编码和无代码之间的一个平衡的中间地带,因为它的用户仍然可以在自动生成的代码之上添加自定义代码。虽然在低代码中,开发人员还会以脚本或手动编码的形式进行一些辅助干预,但无代码则采取了一种完全“放手(免干预)”的方式,100%依赖于可视化工具。
低代码应用程序平台 (LCAP) ——也称为低代码开发平台 (LCDP) ——包含一个集成开发环境 (IDE),它具有内置的特性,如API、代码模板、可重用插件模块和图形连接器,以实现很大比例的应用程序开发过程的自动化。LCAP通常可作为基于云的平台即服务 (PaaS) 解决方案使用。
低代码平台的工作原理是通过使用可视化工具和流程建模等技术来降低复杂性,用户使用可视化工具来定义工作流、业务规则、用户界面等。在幕后,完整的工作流会被自动转换为代码。LCAP主要由专业开发人员用于自动化编码的通用方面,以便将精力重定向到最后一公里的开发上。
5.【做题提示】
-
第1空: 考查词义搭配。后文提到了“拖放 (drag-and-drop) 和下拉菜单界面”,这些都属于图形用户界面的操作方式。因此,这些构建块是“可视化的 (visual)”,选 A。
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第2空: 考查上下文指代。前一句刚刚说明了低代码平台能够实现“自动代码生成 (automated code generation)”,紧接着的“This ___ ”显然指代的就是前面提到的这种“自动化 (automation)”能力,选 B。
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第3空: 考查语境反义对比。前文说低代码还需要开发人员进行一些
handholding(手把手辅助/人工干预),用While(然而)进行转折后,无代码 (no-code) 则是100%依赖可视化工具。因此它对应的是一种完全“不用管/免干预”的方式,英文中hands-off正好表达“放手、不干预”之意,选 B。 -
第4空: 考查IT产品常识。一个 IDE (集成开发环境) 平台自带了 API、代码模板等功能,这些属于系统自带的、“内置的 (built-in)”特性,选 B。
- 第5空: 考查固定搭配与语境。本段主要在探讨软件“开发 (development)”。结合官方解析中缺失的句意(重定向到最后一步的...),平台自动化通用编码的目的,就是为了让开发者把精力放在最后一公里的核心“开发 (development)”上,选 C。
第十八题
1.【完整还原后的英文全文】
Project after project designs a set of algorithms and then plunges into construction of customer-deliverable software on a schedule that demands delivery of the first thing built. In most projects, the first system built is 【考题空#1】选项:A almost;B often;C usually;D barely usable. It may be too slow, too big, awkward to use, or all three. There is no 【考题空#2】选项:A alternative;B need;C possibility;D solution but to start again, smarting but smarter and build a redesigned version in which these problems are solved. The discard and 【考题空#3】选项:A design;B redesign;C plan;D build may be done in one lump, or it may be done piece-by-piece. But all large-system experience shows that it will be done. Where a new system concept or new technology is used, one has to build a system to throw away, for even the best planning is not so omniscient (全知的) as to get it right the first time. The management question, therefore, is not whether to build a pilot system and throw it away. You will do that. The only question is whether to plan in advance to build a 【考题空#4】选项:A throwaway;B system;C software;D product or to promise to deliver the throwaway to customers. Seen this way, the answer is much clearer. Delivering that throwaway to customers buys time, but it does so only at the 【考题空#5】选项:A worth;B value;C cost;D invaluable of agony (极大痛苦) for the user, distraction for the builders while they do the redesign, and a bad reputation for the product that the best redesign will find hard to live down. Hence plan to throw one away; you will, anyhow.
(注:原文中的 “syste m” 以及 “bad..reputation” 为原图自带的排版或扫描错误,此处已严格按照原图样貌保留。本篇全部为正式考题空,无多余占位空。)
2.【本段核心生词表】
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customer-deliverable: 可交付给客户的
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usable: 可用的
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smarting: 感到痛苦的 / 懊恼的
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discard: 丢弃 / 抛弃
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omniscient: 全知的 / 无所不知的
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pilot system: 试验系统 / 试点系统
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throwaway: 抛弃型系统 / 试验品
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live down: 消除不良影响 / 挽回声誉
3.【逐句大意】
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Project after project designs a set of algorithms and then plunges into construction of customer-deliverable software on a schedule that demands delivery of the first thing built.
一个又一个项目设计了一套算法,然后便按照要求交付首个构建成果的进度表,直接投入到可交付客户的软件构建中。
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In most projects, the first system built is (barely) usable.
在大多数项目中,构建的第一个系统(几乎)是不可用的。
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It may be too slow, too big, awkward to use, or all three.
它可能太慢、太大、不好用,或者三者兼有。
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There is no (alternative) but to start again, smarting but smarter and build a redesigned version in which these problems are solved.
除了重新开始、带着懊恼却变得更加聪明并构建一个解决了这些问题的重新设计版本之外,别无(选择)。
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The discard and (redesign) may be done in one lump, or it may be done piece-by-piece.
丢弃和(重新设计)可能是一次性完成的,也可能是逐块(由片)完成的。
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But all large-system experience shows that it will be done.
但所有大型系统的经验都表明,这终究是会被完成的。
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Where a new system concept or new technology is used, one has to build a system to throw away, for even the best planning is not so omniscient (全知的) as to get it right the first time.
在使用新的系统概念或新技术的地方,人们不得不构建一个用来抛弃的系统,因为即使是最好的规划也不是全知全能的,不可能一次就完全做对。
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The management question, therefore, is not whether to build a pilot system and throw it away.
因此,管理上的问题不在于是否要构建一个试验系统并将其抛弃。
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You will do that.
你们终究会这么做的。
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The only question is whether to plan in advance to build a (throwaway) or to promise to deliver the throwaway to customers.
唯一的问题是,是提前计划构建一个(抛弃型系统),还是承诺将这个抛弃型系统交付给客户。
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Seen this way, the answer is much clearer.
这样看来,答案就清晰多了。
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Delivering that throwaway to customers buys time, but it does so only at the (cost) of agony (极大痛苦) for the user, distraction for the builders while they do the redesign, and a bad reputation for the product that the best redesign will find hard to live down.
把那个试验品交付给客户确实赢得了时间,但代价却是用户的极大痛苦、建设者在重新设计时的分心,以及产品难以消除的坏名声,即使最好的重新设计也很难挽回。
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Hence plan to throw one away; you will, anyhow.
因此,计划抛弃一个吧;无论如何你都会这么做的。
4.【完整全文翻译】
一个又一个项目设计出一套算法,然后便匆忙投入到可交付客户的软件构建中,而进度表又要求必须交付最初建造出来的东西。在大多数项目中,最初构建的系统几乎是无法使用的。它可能会太慢、太大、不好用,或者三者兼有。除了重新开始——带着懊恼却变得更加聪慧,并构建一个解决这些问题的重新设计版本之外,别无他法。丢弃和重新设计可能是一次性完成的,也可能是逐块进行的。但所有大型系统的经验都表明,这一步是必经之路。在运用了新的系统概念或新技术的地方,人们必须构建一个用来抛弃的系统,因为即便是再出色的规划,也不可能做到全知全能、一次到位。因此,管理层面临的问题不在于是否要建造一个试验系统并将其扔掉——你们必然会这么做。唯一的问题在于,是提前计划好去建造一个抛弃型的试验系统,还是承诺把这个试验品交付给客户。这样看来,答案就明朗多了。把那个试验品交付给客户确实能赢得时间,但代价却是用户的极大痛苦、开发者在重构时的分心,以及产品难以挽回的坏名声。因此,从一开始就计划好扔掉一个吧——反正你迟早也会这么做的。
5.【做题提示】
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第1空: 考查语境逻辑与副词辨析。前文提到第一个系统“太慢、太大、不好用”,说明它几乎没法正常投入使用。在四个选项中,
barely意为“几乎不/勉强能”,用来形容几乎不可用最为恰当,因此选 D。 -
第2空: 考查固定句型。英文中表达“别无选择,只好……”的经典句型是
There is no alternative but to do sth.。因此这里应填入 alternative,选 A。 -
第3空: 考查上下文语义照应。前面提到要把旧的抛弃,后面紧接着要构建一个新版本,这个过程在英文中对应的专业词汇就是“重新设计 (redesign)”,选 B。
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第4空: 考查原词复现与核心论点。布鲁克斯法则(Brooks's Law)的名言就是“Plan to throw one away; you will, anyhow”(计划扔掉一个,因为你迟早得这么做)。这里对比的是“提前计划构建一个试验品/抛弃型系统 (throwaway)”还是直接交付给客户,因此选 A。
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第5空: 考查固定搭配。表达“以……为代价”的介词短语固定搭配是
at the cost of ...。后文列举了痛苦、分心和坏名声等沉重代价,因此选 C (cost)。
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