Agentic AI的核心不在LLM选型也不在提示词技巧。真正决定一个Agent能否在无人值守的情况下稳定工作的是它背后的系统设计。

本文就总结了构建AI系统时真正绕不开的10个基础概念

1、MCP：通用插件系统

假设你需要Agent读取Gmail、更新Notion、查询数据库。按传统做法，每个服务都要单独写集成代码，解析Gmail的API、搞定Notion的鉴权、再写一套SQL连接逻辑。三个系统，三套代码，三份维护成本。

MCP（Model Context Protocol）用一种统一协议解决了这个问题。可以把它理解成AI世界的USB-C：不管连什么设备，接口只有一个。

你部署若干MCP服务器，每个服务器对外暴露工具，并附带清晰的功能描述和输入参数说明。Agent连上服务器后自动发现可用工具。

举个例子：某个MCP服务器暴露了send_email函数，描述是"向指定地址发送带主题和正文的邮件"。Agent把它列入工具清单。用户说"把报告发给xxx"，Agent就带着正确参数调用这个函数。第二天你加了个search_github服务器，Agent自动发现、自动使用。不需要改任何代码。

2、推理循环：思考、行动、观察、重复

多数开发者把LLM当函数用，输入问题输出答案然后就结束了。但现实中的任务不是一锤子买卖，需要根据中间结果不断调整策略。

推理循环才是Agent真正解题的方式。

Agent先想该做什么，然后执行，再观察结果，接着重新评估：刚才的做法管用吗？下一步试什么？如此往复，直到任务完成。

比如你让Agent查竞争对手的定价。它先想到去看对方官网，结果拿到一个404。它注意到页面不存在，于是换个思路，转去主页找入口。从主页定位到定价链接，点进去，提取数据。每一步都建立在上一步的反馈之上。第一条路走不通，Agent没有直接报错退出，而是自己绕了过去。

3、记忆：短期与长期上下文

短期记忆负责维持当前会话的上下文。用户提到"之前说的那个文档"，Agent能回溯对话找到具体是哪份。长期记忆则跨越会话边界，持久化存储用户偏好、历史决策、习得的信息。有了长期记忆，Agent会让人觉得"它记得我"，而不是每次都像跟陌生人打交道。

来看一个场景：用户说过"我习惯把会开在上午10点之前"。这条偏好被写入长期记忆，关联到用户ID。一周后用户说"帮我跟Sarah约个会"，Agent检索记忆，发现早会偏好，直接推荐上午9点的空档，而不是随机塞一个下午的时间。没有记忆系统的话用户每次都得重复说明自己的习惯。烦。

4、护栏：执行前的安全校验

Agent准备删文件，LLM非常确定这就是用户的意思。可万一判断错了呢？万一它删的是生产库而不是测试数据呢？

护栏就是在操作真正执行前跑的一道验证。检查权限、校验参数合理性、扫描输出里有没有敏感信息。本质上是一层安全网，在错误造成实际损害之前把它拦下来。

用户说"清理一下旧的测试数据"。Agent理解成删50,000条数据库记录。护栏介入：这个用户有删除权限吗？"旧测试数据"对应5万条记录，合理吗？系统把这标记为可疑操作，弹出确认。一问才知道，用户说的是50条，不是50,000条。一场事故就这么被挡住了。

5、工具发现：运行时自动获取新能力

把工具列表硬编码进Agent，下个月加了Jira集成，就得改代码、重新部署、全量回归测试。脆弱并且不可扩展。

工具发现的思路完全不同：工具自带描述文档，Agent在运行时读取这些描述，自动学会怎么调用。

假设你在生产环境部署了一个新的日历MCP服务器，暴露了create_event和list_events两个函数，附带功能说明。下次有人说"帮我约个团队会议"，Agent在可用工具列表里看到日历相关的接口，读一下描述就知道怎么用了。Agent代码完全没动。新能力是它自己"发现"的。

6、错误恢复：体面地失败

API会超时，服务会宕机，用户会给模棱两可的指令，Agent一定会撞上错误。关键在于它是直接挂掉，还是能聪明地处理。

错误恢复的核心是分类和应对。网络超时？重试。信息缺失？反问用户。鉴权失败？写日志，给出明确的错误说明。

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https://github.com/poceruwo/gu/issues/1604
https://github.com/poceruwo/gu/issues/1603
https://github.com/poceruwo/gu/issues/1602
https://github.com/poceruwo/gu/issues/1601
https://github.com/poceruwo/gu/issues/1600
https://github.com/poceruwo/gu/issues/1599
https://github.com/poceruwo/gu/issues/1598
https://github.com/poceruwo/gu/issues/1597
https://github.com/poceruwo/gu/issues/1596
https://github.com/poceruwo/gu/issues/1595
https://github.com/poceruwo/gu/issues/1594
https://github.com/poceruwo/gu/issues/1593
https://github.com/poceruwo/gu/issues/1592
https://github.com/poceruwo/gu/issues/1591
https://github.com/poceruwo/gu/issues/1590
https://github.com/poceruwo/gu/issues/1589
https://github.com/poceruwo/gu/issues/1588
https://github.com/poceruwo/gu/issues/1587
https://github.com/poceruwo/gu/issues/1586
https://github.com/poceruwo/gu/issues/1585
https://github.com/poceruwo/gu/issues/1584
https://github.com/poceruwo/gu/issues/1583
https://github.com/poceruwo/gu/issues/1582
https://github.com/poceruwo/gu/issues/1581
https://github.com/poceruwo/gu/issues/1580
https://github.com/poceruwo/gu/issues/1579
https://github.com/poceruwo/gu/issues/1578
https://github.com/poceruwo/gu/issues/1577
https://github.com/poceruwo/gu/issues/1576
https://github.com/poceruwo/gu/issues/1575
https://github.com/poceruwo/gu/issues/1574
https://github.com/poceruwo/gu/issues/1573
https://github.com/poceruwo/gu/issues/1572
https://github.com/poceruwo/gu/issues/1571
https://github.com/poceruwo/gu/issues/1570
https://github.com/poceruwo/gu/issues/1569
https://github.com/poceruwo/gu/issues/1568
https://github.com/poceruwo/gu/issues/1567
https://github.com/poceruwo/gu/issues/1566
https://github.com/poceruwo/gu/issues/1565
https://github.com/poceruwo/gu/issues/1564

Agent试着发一封邮件，SMTP服务器超时了。它没崩等2秒重试，还是不行，等4秒再试，第三次通了。用户全程毫无感知。换一种情况：超时一直没好。三次重试都失败后，Agent告诉用户——"邮件服务暂时挂了，草稿已保存，10分钟后自动重发。"出了什么问题、接下来怎么办，交代得清清楚楚。