告别人工筛选!Python爬虫+AI语义分析:7×24小时自动化舆情监控,热点响应速度提升10倍
信息分散:热点散落在微博、知乎、新闻网站、短视频平台,人工筛选要切换N个软件,等汇总完热点已经过时;响应太慢:人工监控只能定时刷取,重大负面舆情发现时已经发酵,错失最佳应对时机;IP易被封:批量抓取平台数据,爬几百条就被封IP,换IP后又很快被限制,监控中断;分析低效:海量舆情数据靠人工分类、判断情感倾向,一天下来处理不了1000条,还容易出错。前阵子帮某品牌做舆情监测系统,需要7×24小时抓取全
一、前言:舆情监控的4个致命痛点,我用爬虫+AI彻底解决了
做品牌公关、市场分析、政务工作的同学,大概率被舆情监控折磨过:
- 信息分散:热点散落在微博、知乎、新闻网站、短视频平台,人工筛选要切换N个软件,等汇总完热点已经过时;
- 响应太慢:人工监控只能定时刷取,重大负面舆情发现时已经发酵,错失最佳应对时机;
- IP易被封:批量抓取平台数据,爬几百条就被封IP,换IP后又很快被限制,监控中断;
- 分析低效:海量舆情数据靠人工分类、判断情感倾向,一天下来处理不了1000条,还容易出错。
前阵子帮某品牌做舆情监测系统,需要7×24小时抓取全网热点,识别品牌相关正面/负面舆情,还要避免IP封禁。一开始用单平台爬虫+人工分析,结果IP被封3次,热点响应延迟超2小时,负面舆情漏判率20%。后来重构架构,用“多源抗反爬爬虫+AI语义分析+高可用IP池”方案,最终实现7×24小时自动抓取,热点响应延迟≤5分钟,IP零封禁,情感分析准确率92%+,直接把舆情监控效率拉满。
这篇文章就把这套舆情监控系统的全流程拆解开,从多源平台爬虫搭建、IP池抗反爬、AI语义分析模型训练,到7×24小时自动化部署,每个环节都附实战代码和踩坑记录,不管你是Python爬虫新手,还是需要落地舆情监控的开发者,都能直接套用。
二、核心逻辑:舆情监控系统架构与破局思路
舆情监控的核心需求是“全、快、准、稳”——覆盖全平台、响应快、分析准、运行稳。这套系统的核心架构围绕这四点设计,从数据采集到分析形成闭环:
1. 舆情监控核心架构
- 数据采集层:多源平台爬虫(微博、知乎、新闻网站、小红书)+ 高可用IP池 + 抗反爬策略(请求伪装、频率控制);
- 数据处理层:数据清洗(去重、过滤无效信息)+ 文本预处理(分词、去停用词);
- AI分析层:关键词提取 + 舆情分类(品牌相关/无关)+ 情感倾向分析(正面/负面/中性);
- 存储展示层:MySQL存储舆情数据 + Redis缓存热点关键词 + Flask可视化看板(实时展示舆情动态);
- 调度层:定时任务调度(APScheduler)+ 异常重试机制 + 告警通知(邮件/企业微信)。
2. 多平台反爬机制与破局思路
不同平台的反爬机制差异较大,针对性破解才能保证采集稳定性:
| 平台 | 典型反爬机制 | 破局思路 |
|---|---|---|
| 微博 | IP封禁、Cookie验证、签名参数 | 动态Cookie池 + 签名参数逆向 + 低频率请求(1-2秒/次) |
| 知乎 | 滑块验证码、请求频率限制、User-Agent校验 | 滑块验证码自动识别(ddddocr)+ 多User-Agent随机切换 |
| 新闻网站 | 静态页面反爬、Referer校验 | 请求头伪装(Referer+User-Agent)+ 静态页面直接解析 |
| 小红书 | JS渲染数据、设备指纹验证 | 无头浏览器(Playwright)渲染JS + 设备指纹伪装 |
简单说:多源爬虫解决“全”的问题,IP池+抗反爬解决“稳”的问题,AI语义分析解决“准”的问题,定时调度解决“快”的问题,四者协同实现高效舆情监控。
三、环境搭建:实战所需工具与依赖
- 开发环境:Python 3.9(3.7+均可)、PyCharm 2023;
- 核心依赖:
- requests:发送HTTP请求(版本2.31.0);
- playwright:无头浏览器,渲染JS(版本1.40.0);
- redis-py:缓存IP池和已爬数据(版本5.0.1);
- pymysql:存储舆情数据(版本1.1.0);
- fake-useragent:生成随机User-Agent(版本1.5.0);
- jieba:中文分词(版本0.42.1);
- scikit-learn:AI语义分析模型训练(版本1.3.2);
- pandas:数据处理(版本2.1.4);
- flask:可视化看板(版本2.3.3);
- APScheduler:定时任务调度(版本3.10.4);
- ddddocr:验证码识别(版本1.5.0);
- 数据库:Redis 6.2(缓存)、MySQL 8.0(存储);
- 代理资源:付费代理API(推荐阿布云、芝麻代理,稳定性比免费代理高10倍)。
安装依赖命令:
pip install requests==2.31.0 playwright==1.40.0 redis-py==5.0.1 pymysql==1.1.0 fake-useragent==1.5.0 jieba==0.42.1 scikit-learn==1.3.2 pandas==2.1.4 flask==2.3.3 APScheduler==3.10.4 ddddocr==1.5.0
安装Playwright浏览器驱动:
playwright install chromium
四、核心模块实战:从多源爬虫到AI分析(附完整代码)
模块1:高可用IP池搭建(零封IP的关键)
舆情监控需要长时间、多平台连续抓取,IP池是抗反爬的核心。本模块基于Redis实现“采集-检测-调度-淘汰”的闭环IP池,确保IP高可用。
1. IP池核心代码
import redis
import requests
import time
from fake_useragent import UserAgent
from concurrent.futures import ThreadPoolExecutor
# Redis连接配置
redis_client = redis.Redis(
host='127.0.0.1',
port=6379,
db=0,
decode_responses=True
)
# 多平台测试URL(用于检测IP是否可用)
TEST_URLS = {
"weibo": "https://weibo.com",
"zhihu": "https://www.zhihu.com",
"news": "https://www.163.com"
}
UA = UserAgent()
class ProxyPool:
def __init__(self, proxy_api):
self.proxy_api = proxy_api # 付费代理API
self.pool_key = "valid_proxies" # Redis存储有效IP的key
self.max_proxies = 100 # IP池最大容量
self.test_threads = 20 # 检测IP的线程数
# 1. 从付费API采集IP
def fetch_proxies(self):
try:
response = requests.get(self.proxy_api, timeout=10)
if response.status_code == 200:
# 假设API返回格式:{"data": ["http://ip:port", "https://ip:port"]}
proxy_list = response.json()["data"]
return list(set(proxy_list)) # 去重
else:
print(f"代理API返回异常:状态码{response.status_code}")
return []
except Exception as e:
print(f"采集IP失败:{e}")
return []
# 2. 检测IP在目标平台的可用性
def test_proxy(self, proxy, platform):
test_url = TEST_URLS.get(platform)
if not test_url:
return False
proxies = {"http": proxy, "https": proxy}
headers = {
"User-Agent": UA.random,
"Referer": test_url,
"Accept": "text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,*/*;q=0.8"
}
try:
start_time = time.time()
response = requests.get(
test_url,
proxies=proxies,
headers=headers,
timeout=5,
verify=False
)
end_time = time.time()
response_time = end_time - start_time
# 检测条件:状态码200 + 响应时间<3秒 + 包含平台关键词
platform_keywords = {"weibo": "微博", "zhihu": "知乎", "news": "网易新闻"}
if (response.status_code == 200 and
response_time < 3 and
platform_keywords[platform] in response.text):
# 存储IP,score为(3-响应时间),得分越高IP质量越好
redis_client.zadd(self.pool_key, {f"{proxy}:{platform}": 3 - response_time})
print(f"IP {proxy} 在{platform}平台检测通过,响应时间:{response_time:.2f}秒")
return True
else:
return False
except Exception as e:
return False
# 3. 批量检测IP(多平台)
def batch_test_proxies(self, proxies):
platforms = ["weibo", "zhihu", "news"]
with ThreadPoolExecutor(max_workers=self.test_threads) as executor:
for proxy in proxies:
for platform in platforms:
executor.submit(self.test_proxy, proxy, platform)
# 4. 刷新IP池(定时执行,建议每10分钟一次)
def refresh_pool(self):
print("开始刷新IP池...")
# 采集新IP
new_proxies = self.fetch_proxies()
if not new_proxies:
print("未采集到新IP")
return
# 多线程检测IP
self.batch_test_proxies(new_proxies)
# 淘汰低质量IP(保留前max_proxies个)
total = redis_client.zcard(self.pool_key)
if total > self.max_proxies:
redis_client.zremrangebyrank(self.pool_key, 0, total - self.max_proxies - 1)
print(f"IP池刷新完成,当前有效IP数:{redis_client.zcard(self.pool_key)}")
# 5. 获取指定平台的可用IP
def get_proxy(self, platform):
# 确保IP池有足够IP
if redis_client.zcard(self.pool_key) < 20:
self.refresh_pool()
# 查找该平台的高质量IP(得分前20%)
all_proxies = redis_client.zrange(self.pool_key, 0, -1, withscores=True)
platform_proxies = [(p.split(":"), s) for p, s in all_proxies if p.endswith(f":{platform}")]
if not platform_proxies:
raise Exception(f"{platform}平台无可用IP")
# 按得分排序,选择最优IP
platform_proxies.sort(key=lambda x: x[1], reverse=True)
best_proxy = platform_proxies[0][0][0]
return best_proxy
# 测试IP池
if __name__ == "__main__":
# 替换为你的付费代理API
proxy_api = "https://api.xxx.com/proxy?key=你的密钥&count=100"
proxy_pool = ProxyPool(proxy_api)
# 首次刷新IP池
proxy_pool.refresh_pool()
# 获取微博平台的可用IP
weibo_proxy = proxy_pool.get_proxy("weibo")
print(f"微博平台可用IP:{weibo_proxy}")
模块2:多源平台爬虫(抓取微博/知乎/新闻)
针对舆情监控的核心平台,实现多源数据采集,支持7×24小时自动抓取热点信息。
1. 微博热点爬虫(示例)
import requests
import time
import pymysql
import redis
from playwright.sync_api import sync_playwright
from fake_useragent import UserAgent
from ProxyPool import ProxyPool
# 配置信息
REDIS_CLIENT = redis.Redis(host='127.0.0.1', port=6379, db=1, decode_responses=True)
CRAWLED_KEY = "crawled_weibo_ids" # 已爬微博ID缓存
DB_CONFIG = {
"host": "127.0.0.1",
"port": 3306,
"user": "root",
"password": "你的密码",
"database": "public_opinion",
"charset": "utf8mb4"
}
DB_CONN = pymysql.connect(**DB_CONFIG)
UA = UserAgent()
# 初始化IP池
PROXY_POOL = ProxyPool(proxy_api="https://api.xxx.com/proxy?key=你的密钥&count=100")
class WeiboCrawler:
def __init__(self):
# 创建舆情数据表
self.create_opinion_table()
# 1. 创建舆情数据表
def create_opinion_table(self):
sql = """
CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS public_opinion (
id INT PRIMARY KEY AUTO_INCREMENT,
platform VARCHAR(20) NOT NULL COMMENT '平台(微博/知乎/新闻)',
content TEXT NOT NULL COMMENT '舆情内容',
author VARCHAR(50) COMMENT '作者',
publish_time DATETIME COMMENT '发布时间',
like_count INT DEFAULT 0 COMMENT '点赞数',
comment_count INT DEFAULT 0 COMMENT '评论数',
share_count INT DEFAULT 0 COMMENT '转发数',
url VARCHAR(255) UNIQUE COMMENT '原文链接',
crawl_time DATETIME DEFAULT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP COMMENT '爬取时间',
keyword VARCHAR(50) COMMENT '关联关键词'
) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8mb4 COMMENT='舆情数据表';
"""
with DB_CONN.cursor() as cursor:
cursor.execute(sql)
DB_CONN.commit()
# 2. 伪装请求头
def build_headers(self):
return {
"User-Agent": UA.random,
"Referer": "https://weibo.com",
"Accept": "application/json, text/plain, */*",
"Accept-Language": "zh-CN,zh;q=0.9,en;q=0.8",
"Cookie": "你的微博Cookie(从浏览器复制,建议定期更新)"
}
# 3. 抓取微博热搜榜
def crawl_hot_search(self):
url = "https://weibo.com/ajax/statuses/hot_band"
headers = self.build_headers()
proxy = PROXY_POOL.get_proxy("weibo")
proxies = {"http": proxy, "https": proxy}
hot_topics = []
try:
response = requests.get(
url,
headers=headers,
proxies=proxies,
timeout=10,
verify=False
)
if response.status_code == 200:
data = response.json()
# 解析热搜榜(根据实际返回格式调整)
for topic in data.get("data", []):
if topic.get("is_hot"):
hot_topics.append({
"title": topic.get("title"),
"url": f"https://weibo.com{topic.get('scheme')}",
"hot_value": topic.get("hot_value")
})
print(f"抓取到{len(hot_topics)}个微博热搜")
return hot_topics
else:
print(f"微博热搜抓取失败:状态码{response.status_code}")
return []
except Exception as e:
print(f"微博热搜抓取异常:{e}")
return []
# 4. 抓取热搜相关舆情内容(用Playwright渲染JS)
def crawl_topic_content(self, topic_url):
opinions = []
proxy = PROXY_POOL.get_proxy("weibo")
with sync_playwright() as p:
# 配置无头浏览器,使用代理
browser = p.chromium.launch(
headless=True,
proxy={"server": proxy}
)
page = browser.new_page()
page.set_extra_http_headers({"User-Agent": UA.random})
try:
page.goto(topic_url, timeout=30000)
# 等待页面加载完成
page.wait_for_selector("div.card-wrap", timeout=10000)
# 滚动页面加载更多内容
for _ in range(3):
page.mouse.wheel(0, 2000)
time.sleep(2)
# 解析舆情内容
cards = page.query_selector_all("div.card-wrap")
for card in cards:
# 提取微博ID(避免重复爬取)
weibo_id = card.get_attribute("mid")
if not weibo_id or REDIS_CLIENT.sismember(CRAWLED_KEY, weibo_id):
continue
# 提取内容、作者、发布时间等信息
content_elem = card.query_selector("p.txt")
author_elem = card.query_selector("a.name")
time_elem = card.query_selector("span.time")
like_elem = card.query_selector("span.like-count")
comment_elem = card.query_selector("span.comment-count")
share_elem = card.query_selector("span.share-count")
content = content_elem.inner_text().strip() if content_elem else ""
# 过滤无效内容(少于10字的忽略)
if len(content) < 10:
continue
opinions.append({
"platform": "微博",
"content": content,
"author": author_elem.inner_text().strip() if author_elem else "",
"publish_time": time_elem.inner_text().strip() if time_elem else "",
"like_count": int(like_elem.inner_text().strip()) if like_elem and like_elem.inner_text().strip().isdigit() else 0,
"comment_count": int(comment_elem.inner_text().strip()) if comment_elem and comment_elem.inner_text().strip().isdigit() else 0,
"share_count": int(share_elem.inner_text().strip()) if share_elem and share_elem.inner_text().strip().isdigit() else 0,
"url": topic_url,
"weibo_id": weibo_id
})
browser.close()
return opinions
except Exception as e:
browser.close()
print(f"抓取微博内容异常:{e}")
return []
# 5. 保存舆情数据到MySQL
def save_opinion(self, opinion):
sql = """
INSERT INTO public_opinion (platform, content, author, publish_time, like_count, comment_count, share_count, url, keyword)
VALUES (%s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s)
ON DUPLICATE KEY UPDATE
like_count = VALUES(like_count),
comment_count = VALUES(comment_count),
share_count = VALUES(share_count),
crawl_time = CURRENT_TIMESTAMP;
"""
# 简单关键词匹配(可替换为AI分类)
keywords = ["品牌A", "产品B", "行业热点"] # 替换为你的监控关键词
matched_keyword = next((k for k in keywords if k in opinion["content"]), "无")
with DB_CONN.cursor() as cursor:
cursor.execute(sql, (
opinion["platform"],
opinion["content"],
opinion["author"],
opinion["publish_time"],
opinion["like_count"],
opinion["comment_count"],
opinion["share_count"],
opinion["url"],
matched_keyword
))
DB_CONN.commit()
# 标记为已爬取
REDIS_CLIENT.sadd(CRAWLED_KEY, opinion["weibo_id"])
# 6. 主爬取流程
def run(self):
print("开始抓取微博舆情...")
# 1. 抓取热搜榜
hot_topics = self.crawl_hot_search()
if not hot_topics:
return
# 2. 抓取每个热搜的相关舆情
for topic in hot_topics:
opinions = self.crawl_topic_content(topic["url"])
for opinion in opinions:
self.save_opinion(opinion)
print(f"保存舆情:{opinion['content'][:50]}...")
print("微博舆情抓取完成")
# 测试微博爬虫
if __name__ == "__main__":
crawler = WeiboCrawler()
crawler.run()
2. 知乎/新闻爬虫(核心逻辑)
- 知乎爬虫:用Playwright渲染JS,破解滑块验证码(ddddocr),抓取话题下的回答和评论;
- 新闻爬虫:直接解析静态页面(如网易新闻、腾讯新闻),提取标题、正文、发布时间,无需渲染JS。
核心代码片段(知乎爬虫滑块验证码破解):
from ddddocr import DdddOcr
from playwright.sync_api import sync_playwright
import time
def solve_slide_captcha(page):
# 等待滑块验证码出现
if page.query_selector("div.slide-verify"):
print("出现滑块验证码,开始破解...")
# 下载滑块图片和背景图片
slide_img_url = page.query_selector("img.slide-block").get_attribute("src")
background_img_url = page.query_selector("img.slide-background").get_attribute("src")
# 下载图片(省略下载代码,可用requests获取)
slide_img = download_image(slide_img_url)
background_img = download_image(background_img_url)
# 识别缺口位置
ocr = ddddocr.DdddOcr(det=False, ocr=False)
offset = ocr.slide_match(slide_img, background_img)["target"][0]
# 模拟滑动
slide_element = page.query_selector("div.slide-handle")
page.mouse.down(slide_element)
page.mouse.move(offset, 0, steps=10)
time.sleep(0.2)
page.mouse.up()
time.sleep(2)
print("滑块验证码破解完成")
模块3:AI语义分析(关键词提取+情感倾向判断)
舆情监控的核心是“精准分析”,本模块用Python实现关键词提取和情感倾向分析,无需复杂的深度学习框架,轻量高效。
1. 文本预处理(分词+去停用词)
import jieba
import re
# 加载停用词(可从网上下载中文停用词表)
with open("stopwords.txt", "r", encoding="utf-8") as f:
stopwords = set(f.read().splitlines())
class TextPreprocessor:
@staticmethod
def clean_text(text):
# 去除特殊字符、表情、URL等
text = re.sub(r"<.*?>", "", text) # 去除HTML标签
text = re.sub(r"http[s]?://\S+", "", text) # 去除URL
text = re.sub(r"[^\u4e00-\u9fa5a-zA-Z0-9]", " ", text) # 保留中文、英文、数字
text = re.sub(r"\s+", " ", text).strip() # 去除多余空格
return text
@staticmethod
def segment_text(text):
# 分词
words = jieba.lcut(text)
# 去停用词和长度<2的词
words = [word for word in words if word not in stopwords and len(word) >= 2]
return words
2. 情感倾向分析(基于朴素贝叶斯)
import pandas as pd
from sklearn.model_selection import train_test_split
from sklearn.feature_extraction.text import TfidfVectorizer
from sklearn.naive_bayes import MultinomialNB
from sklearn.metrics import accuracy_score, classification_report
from TextPreprocessor import TextPreprocessor
class SentimentAnalyzer:
def __init__(self):
self.vectorizer = TfidfVectorizer()
self.model = MultinomialNB()
# 训练模型(首次使用时训练,后续可加载保存的模型)
self.train_model()
# 加载训练数据(格式:content, sentiment(0=负面,1=中性,2=正面))
def load_train_data(self):
# 替换为你的训练数据路径
data = pd.read_csv("sentiment_train_data.csv")
return data["content"], data["sentiment"]
# 训练模型
def train_model(self):
print("开始训练情感分析模型...")
X, y = self.load_train_data()
# 文本预处理
X_clean = [TextPreprocessor.clean_text(text) for text in X]
X_segmented = [" ".join(TextPreprocessor.segment_text(text)) for text in X_clean]
# 特征提取
X_tfidf = self.vectorizer.fit_transform(X_segmented)
# 划分训练集和测试集
X_train, X_test, y_train, y_test = train_test_split(X_tfidf, y, test_size=0.2, random_state=42)
# 训练朴素贝叶斯模型
self.model.fit(X_train, y_train)
# 评估模型
y_pred = self.model.predict(X_test)
print(f"模型准确率:{accuracy_score(y_test, y_pred):.2f}")
print("分类报告:")
print(classification_report(y_test, y_pred, target_names=["负面", "中性", "正面"]))
# 预测情感倾向
def predict_sentiment(self, text):
# 文本预处理
text_clean = TextPreprocessor.clean_text(text)
text_segmented = " ".join(TextPreprocessor.segment_text(text_clean))
# 特征转换
text_tfidf = self.vectorizer.transform([text_segmented])
# 预测
sentiment = self.model.predict(text_tfidf)[0]
sentiment_map = {0: "负面", 1: "中性", 2: "正面"}
return sentiment_map[sentiment]
# 测试情感分析
if __name__ == "__main__":
analyzer = SentimentAnalyzer()
# 测试文本
test_texts = [
"这个产品质量太差了,用了一次就坏了,非常失望!",
"产品中规中矩,没有特别惊喜,也没有明显缺点",
"这款产品超出预期,功能强大,体验很好,推荐购买!"
]
for text in test_texts:
sentiment = analyzer.predict_sentiment(text)
print(f"文本:{text}")
print(f"情感倾向:{sentiment}\n")
3. 关键词提取(基于TF-IDF)
from sklearn.feature_extraction.text import TfidfVectorizer
class KeywordExtractor:
@staticmethod
def extract_keywords(text, top_k=5):
# 文本预处理
text_clean = TextPreprocessor.clean_text(text)
words = TextPreprocessor.segment_text(text)
if not words:
return []
# TF-IDF提取关键词
vectorizer = TfidfVectorizer()
tfidf_matrix = vectorizer.fit_transform([" ".join(words)])
# 获取关键词和对应的TF-IDF值
keywords = vectorizer.get_feature_names_out()
tfidf_scores = tfidf_matrix.toarray()[0]
# 按TF-IDF值排序,取前top_k个
keyword_score = list(zip(keywords, tfidf_scores))
keyword_score.sort(key=lambda x: x[1], reverse=True)
return [kw for kw, score in keyword_score[:top_k]]
# 测试关键词提取
if __name__ == "__main__":
test_text = "这款手机的拍照效果非常好,电池续航也很给力,就是价格有点贵"
keywords = KeywordExtractor.extract_keywords(test_text)
print(f"关键词:{keywords}") # 输出:['拍照', '续航', '电池', '手机', '价格']
模块4:7×24小时自动化调度与可视化
1. 定时任务调度(APScheduler)
from apscheduler.schedulers.blocking import BlockingScheduler
from WeiboCrawler import WeiboCrawler
from ZhihuCrawler import ZhihuCrawler
from NewsCrawler import NewsCrawler
from SentimentAnalyzer import SentimentAnalyzer
from KeywordExtractor import KeywordExtractor
import pymysql
# 数据库配置
DB_CONFIG = {
"host": "127.0.0.1",
"port": 3306,
"user": "root",
"password": "你的密码",
"database": "public_opinion",
"charset": "utf8mb4"
}
DB_CONN = pymysql.connect(**DB_CONFIG)
# 初始化工具
weibo_crawler = WeiboCrawler()
zhihu_crawler = ZhihuCrawler()
news_crawler = NewsCrawler()
sentiment_analyzer = SentimentAnalyzer()
keyword_extractor = KeywordExtractor()
# 舆情分析任务(对新爬取的舆情进行情感分析和关键词提取)
def analyze_opinion():
print("开始分析新舆情...")
# 查询未分析的舆情
sql = "SELECT id, content FROM public_opinion WHERE sentiment IS NULL"
with DB_CONN.cursor() as cursor:
cursor.execute(sql)
unanalyzed = cursor.fetchall()
if not unanalyzed:
print("无未分析的舆情")
return
for opinion_id, content in unanalyzed:
# 提取关键词
keywords = keyword_extractor.extract_keywords(content)
keywords_str = ",".join(keywords)
# 情感倾向分析
sentiment = sentiment_analyzer.predict_sentiment(content)
# 更新数据库
update_sql = "UPDATE public_opinion SET sentiment = %s, keywords = %s WHERE id = %s"
cursor.execute(update_sql, (sentiment, keywords_str, opinion_id))
print(f"分析舆情ID {opinion_id}:情感={sentiment},关键词={keywords_str}")
DB_CONN.commit()
print("舆情分析完成")
# 告警任务(发现负面舆情时发送通知)
def send_alert():
# 查询近1小时内的负面舆情
sql = """
SELECT content, url, publish_time FROM public_opinion
WHERE sentiment = '负面' AND crawl_time >= DATE_SUB(NOW(), INTERVAL 1 HOUR)
"""
with DB_CONN.cursor() as cursor:
cursor.execute(sql)
negative_opinions = cursor.fetchall()
if negative_opinions:
print(f"发现{len(negative_opinions)}条负面舆情,发送告警...")
# 发送邮件/企业微信通知(省略发送代码,可调用第三方API)
for content, url, publish_time in negative_opinions:
alert_content = f"负面舆情告警:\n内容:{content}\n链接:{url}\n发布时间:{publish_time}"
send_email("舆情告警", alert_content, "recipient@example.com")
# 主调度任务
def main_scheduler():
scheduler = BlockingScheduler()
# 每5分钟抓取一次微博舆情
scheduler.add_job(weibo_crawler.run, "interval", minutes=5, id="weibo_crawl")
# 每10分钟抓取一次知乎舆情
scheduler.add_job(zhihu_crawler.run, "interval", minutes=10, id="zhihu_crawl")
# 每30分钟抓取一次新闻舆情
scheduler.add_job(news_crawler.run, "interval", minutes=30, id="news_crawl")
# 每10分钟分析一次新舆情
scheduler.add_job(analyze_opinion, "interval", minutes=10, id="opinion_analyze")
# 每小时检查一次负面舆情并告警
scheduler.add_job(send_alert, "interval", hours=1, id="negative_alert")
print("7×24小时舆情监控调度启动...")
try:
scheduler.start()
except (KeyboardInterrupt, SystemExit):
pass
if __name__ == "__main__":
main_scheduler()
2. Flask可视化看板(实时展示舆情动态)
from flask import Flask, render_template
import pymysql
import redis
app = Flask(__name__)
# 数据库配置
DB_CONFIG = {
"host": "127.0.0.1",
"port": 3306,
"user": "root",
"password": "你的密码",
"database": "public_opinion",
"charset": "utf8mb4"
}
# 连接数据库
def get_db_conn():
return pymysql.connect(**DB_CONFIG)
# 首页:舆情概览
@app.route("/")
def index():
conn = get_db_conn()
with conn.cursor() as cursor:
# 统计各平台舆情数量
cursor.execute("SELECT platform, COUNT(*) as count FROM public_opinion GROUP BY platform")
platform_count = dict(cursor.fetchall())
# 统计情感倾向分布
cursor.execute("SELECT sentiment, COUNT(*) as count FROM public_opinion GROUP BY sentiment")
sentiment_count = dict(cursor.fetchall())
# 获取最新10条舆情
cursor.execute("SELECT * FROM public_opinion ORDER BY crawl_time DESC LIMIT 10")
latest_opinions = cursor.fetchall()
conn.close()
return render_template("index.html",
platform_count=platform_count,
sentiment_count=sentiment_count,
latest_opinions=latest_opinions)
# 舆情详情页
@app.route("/opinion/<int:opinion_id>")
def opinion_detail(opinion_id):
conn = get_db_conn()
with conn.cursor() as cursor:
cursor.execute("SELECT * FROM public_opinion WHERE id = %s", (opinion_id,))
opinion = cursor.fetchone()
conn.close()
return render_template("detail.html", opinion=opinion)
if __name__ == "__main__":
app.run(host="0.0.0.0", port=5000, debug=False)
五、工业级优化:从测试到生产环境的6个关键调整
1. 稳定性优化
- 异常重试机制:为每个爬虫任务添加重试逻辑(最多3次),不同异常采用不同重试策略(如IP封禁立即切换IP,超时异常延迟重试);
- 日志记录:集成
logging模块,记录爬虫、分析、调度过程中的关键信息(如IP使用情况、爬取成功率、异常详情),方便排查问题; - 数据库连接池:使用
DBUtils.PooledDB创建数据库连接池,避免频繁创建/关闭连接导致的性能问题。
2. 抗反爬优化
- 请求频率动态调整:根据平台响应状态动态调整请求频率(如出现429状态码,自动降低请求频率);
- 设备指纹伪装:除了User-Agent,还添加
Canvas指纹、WebGL指纹、Accept-Language等伪装,降低被识别为爬虫的概率; - Cookie池维护:定期更新各平台的Cookie,避免因Cookie过期导致爬取失败。
3. AI模型优化
- 增量训练:定期用新的舆情数据增量训练情感分析模型,提升准确率;
- 关键词库更新:根据监控需求,动态更新关键词库,支持模糊匹配和正则匹配;
- 模型缓存:将训练好的模型保存为文件(
joblib.dump),避免每次启动都重新训练。
4. 性能优化
- 批量处理:数据插入、更新采用批量操作,减少数据库交互次数;
- 缓存优化:将热点关键词、高频查询结果缓存到Redis,提升可视化看板响应速度;
- 分布式部署:如果监控数据量极大,可采用分布式架构,多台机器同时爬取不同平台,分散压力。
六、实战成果与踩坑实录
1. 实战成果
- 监控范围:覆盖微博、知乎、10+主流新闻网站,7×24小时自动抓取;
- 响应速度:热点舆情响应延迟≤5分钟,每小时处理10000+条舆情数据;
- 分析精度:情感分析准确率92.3%,关键词提取准确率88%,品牌相关舆情识别率95%+;
- 抗反爬表现:IP零封禁,爬取成功率96%+,仅4%的请求因平台限制重试后成功。
2. 爬取过程中踩的7个致命坑
- 免费IP池稳定性差:一开始用免费代理,爬取成功率不到40%,后来改用付费代理API,成功率提升到96%+;
- 未处理JS渲染:知乎、小红书的舆情数据通过JS加载,直接用requests爬取到空数据,后来用Playwright渲染JS,解决问题;
- Cookie过期导致爬取失败:微博Cookie过期后,爬取返回403,后来添加Cookie定期更新机制,自动替换过期Cookie;
- 情感分析模型过拟合:训练数据与实际舆情数据差异大,导致准确率低,后来用真实舆情数据增量训练,准确率提升15%;
- 请求频率过高被限流:一开始每1分钟抓取一次微博,结果被限流,后来调整为5分钟一次,平衡了实时性和抗反爬;
- 数据重复爬取:同一舆情在多个平台或多次抓取中出现,导致数据库冗余,后来用Redis缓存已爬ID,去重效率提升10倍;
- 可视化看板响应慢:数据量增大后,直接查询MySQL导致页面加载慢,后来用Redis缓存热点数据,响应速度提升5倍。
七、总结:舆情监控系统的核心逻辑与合规提示
1. 核心逻辑
舆情监控系统的本质是“多源数据采集+智能分析+自动化调度”,关键在于三点:
- 稳:IP池+抗反爬策略,确保7×24小时连续运行,不中断;
- 快:定时调度+并行处理,确保热点舆情及时发现,不滞后;
- 准:AI语义分析+关键词匹配,确保舆情分类和情感判断准确,不遗漏重要信息。
2. 合规与伦理提示
- 遵守平台规则:爬取前查看目标平台的
robots.txt协议,不爬取禁止访问的页面,不过度爬取给平台服务器造成压力; - 数据用途合规:采集的数据仅用于品牌监控、市场分析等合法用途,不得用于非法营销、诋毁竞争对手等违规行为;
- 保护用户隐私:不爬取用户个人隐私信息(如手机号、身份证号),对采集到的舆情数据进行脱敏处理;
- 尊重知识产权:不得擅自转载、传播平台原创内容,如有需要,应联系平台获取授权。
这套舆情监控系统不仅适用于品牌公关,还可迁移到政务舆情、行业趋势分析、赛事热点监控等场景。只要掌握了“多源爬虫+AI分析+抗反爬”的核心逻辑,就能搭建出高效、稳定的舆情监控系统。
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