const指针

const指针可以指指针本身为常量，或指针指向的数据为常量。

声明指向常量数据的指针：const int *ptr，表示指针可以修改指向的地址，但不能通过指针修改指向的数据值。

声明指针本身为常量：int *const ptr，表示指针的指向不可修改，但可以通过指针修改指向的数据值。

声明指向常量数据的常量指针：const int *const ptr，指针的指向和指向的数据都不可修改。

void *指针

void *指针是一种通用指针类型，可以指向任何数据类型。

void *指针不能直接解引用，必须转换为具体类型后才能使用。常用于内存操作函数如malloc、memcpy等，实现泛型编程。

int num = 10;
void *ptr = #
int *int_ptr = (int *)ptr;
printf("%d", *int_ptr);

函数指针

函数指针是指向函数的指针变量，可以动态调用不同函数。

声明格式：返回值类型 (*指针名)(参数列表)。使用函数指针可以实现回调机制和策略模式。

int add(int a, int b) { return a + b; }
int (*func_ptr)(int, int) = add;
printf("%d", func_ptr(2, 3));

指针函数

指针函数是返回指针的函数，需要确保返回的指针指向有效内存。

声明格式：返回值类型 *函数名(参数列表)。常见于返回字符串或动态分配内存的情况。

char *get_string() {
    char *str = malloc(100);
    strcpy(str, "Hello");
    return str;
}

综合示例

#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <stdlib.h>

// 指针函数示例
int *create_array(int size) {
    return malloc(size * sizeof(int));
}

// 函数指针示例
void process(int (*op)(int, int), int a, int b) {
    printf("Result: %d\n", op(a, b));
}

int main() {
    // const指针
    const int x = 5;
    const int *p1 = &x;
    int y = 10;
    int *const p2 = &y;
    
    // void *指针
    void *vp = &y;
    int *ip = (int *)vp;
    
    // 使用指针函数
    int *arr = create_array(10);
    free(arr);
    
    // 使用函数指针
    process(add, 3, 4);
}

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