STM32F10x 启动文件深度解
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;******************** (C) COPYRIGHT 2011 STMicroelectronics ********************
;* File Name : startup_stm32f10x_hd.s
;* Author : MCD Application Team
;* Version : V3.5.0
;* Date : 11-March-2011
;* Description : STM32F10x High Density Devices vector table for MDK-ARM
;* toolchain.
;* This module performs:
;* - Set the initial SP
;* - Set the initial PC == Reset_Handler
;* - Set the vector table entries with the exceptions ISR address
;* - Configure the clock system and also configure the external
;* SRAM mounted on STM3210E-EVAL board to be used as data
;* memory (optional, to be enabled by user)
;* - Branches to __main in the C library (which eventually
;* calls main()).
;* After Reset the CortexM3 processor is in Thread mode,
;* priority is Privileged, and the Stack is set to Main.
;* <<< Use Configuration Wizard in Context Menu >>>
;*******************************************************************************
; THE PRESENT FIRMWARE WHICH IS FOR GUIDANCE ONLY AIMS AT PROVIDING CUSTOMERS
; WITH CODING INFORMATION REGARDING THEIR PRODUCTS IN ORDER FOR THEM TO SAVE TIME.
; AS A RESULT, STMICROELECTRONICS SHALL NOT BE HELD LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT,
; INDIRECT OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES WITH RESPECT TO ANY CLAIMS ARISING FROM THE
; CONTENT OF SUCH FIRMWARE AND/OR THE USE MADE BY CUSTOMERS OF THE CODING
; INFORMATION CONTAINED HEREIN IN CONNECTION WITH THEIR PRODUCTS.
;*******************************************************************************
; Amount of memory (in bytes) allocated for Stack
; Tailor this value to your application needs
; <h> Stack Configuration
; <o> Stack Size (in Bytes) <0x0-0xFFFFFFFF:8>
; </h>
Stack_Size EQU 0x00000400
AREA STACK, NOINIT, READWRITE, ALIGN=3
Stack_Mem SPACE Stack_Size
__initial_sp
; <h> Heap Configuration
; <o> Heap Size (in Bytes) <0x0-0xFFFFFFFF:8>
; </h>
Heap_Size EQU 0x00000200
AREA HEAP, NOINIT, READWRITE, ALIGN=3
__heap_base
Heap_Mem SPACE Heap_Size
__heap_limit
PRESERVE8
THUMB
; Vector Table Mapped to Address 0 at Reset
AREA RESET, DATA, READONLY
EXPORT __Vectors
EXPORT __Vectors_End
EXPORT __Vectors_Size
__Vectors DCD __initial_sp ; Top of Stack
DCD Reset_Handler ; Reset Handler
DCD NMI_Handler ; NMI Handler
DCD HardFault_Handler ; Hard Fault Handler
DCD MemManage_Handler ; MPU Fault Handler
DCD BusFault_Handler ; Bus Fault Handler
DCD UsageFault_Handler ; Usage Fault Handler
DCD 0 ; Reserved
DCD 0 ; Reserved
DCD 0 ; Reserved
DCD 0 ; Reserved
DCD SVC_Handler ; SVCall Handler
DCD DebugMon_Handler ; Debug Monitor Handler
DCD 0 ; Reserved
DCD PendSV_Handler ; PendSV Handler
DCD SysTick_Handler ; SysTick Handler
; External Interrupts
DCD WWDG_IRQHandler ; Window Watchdog
DCD PVD_IRQHandler ; PVD through EXTI Line detect
DCD TAMPER_IRQHandler ; Tamper
DCD RTC_IRQHandler ; RTC
DCD FLASH_IRQHandler ; Flash
DCD RCC_IRQHandler ; RCC
DCD EXTI0_IRQHandler ; EXTI Line 0
DCD EXTI1_IRQHandler ; EXTI Line 1
DCD EXTI2_IRQHandler ; EXTI Line 2
DCD EXTI3_IRQHandler ; EXTI Line 3
DCD EXTI4_IRQHandler ; EXTI Line 4
DCD DMA1_Channel1_IRQHandler ; DMA1 Channel 1
DCD DMA1_Channel2_IRQHandler ; DMA1 Channel 2
DCD DMA1_Channel3_IRQHandler ; DMA1 Channel 3
DCD DMA1_Channel4_IRQHandler ; DMA1 Channel 4
DCD DMA1_Channel5_IRQHandler ; DMA1 Channel 5
DCD DMA1_Channel6_IRQHandler ; DMA1 Channel 6
DCD DMA1_Channel7_IRQHandler ; DMA1 Channel 7
DCD ADC1_2_IRQHandler ; ADC1 & ADC2
DCD USB_HP_CAN1_TX_IRQHandler ; USB High Priority or CAN1 TX
DCD USB_LP_CAN1_RX0_IRQHandler ; USB Low Priority or CAN1 RX0
DCD CAN1_RX1_IRQHandler ; CAN1 RX1
DCD CAN1_SCE_IRQHandler ; CAN1 SCE
DCD EXTI9_5_IRQHandler ; EXTI Line 9..5
DCD TIM1_BRK_IRQHandler ; TIM1 Break
DCD TIM1_UP_IRQHandler ; TIM1 Update
DCD TIM1_TRG_COM_IRQHandler ; TIM1 Trigger and Commutation
DCD TIM1_CC_IRQHandler ; TIM1 Capture Compare
DCD TIM2_IRQHandler ; TIM2
DCD TIM3_IRQHandler ; TIM3
DCD TIM4_IRQHandler ; TIM4
DCD I2C1_EV_IRQHandler ; I2C1 Event
DCD I2C1_ER_IRQHandler ; I2C1 Error
DCD I2C2_EV_IRQHandler ; I2C2 Event
DCD I2C2_ER_IRQHandler ; I2C2 Error
DCD SPI1_IRQHandler ; SPI1
DCD SPI2_IRQHandler ; SPI2
DCD USART1_IRQHandler ; USART1
DCD USART2_IRQHandler ; USART2
DCD USART3_IRQHandler ; USART3
DCD EXTI15_10_IRQHandler ; EXTI Line 15..10
DCD RTCAlarm_IRQHandler ; RTC Alarm through EXTI Line
DCD USBWakeUp_IRQHandler ; USB Wakeup from suspend
DCD TIM8_BRK_IRQHandler ; TIM8 Break
DCD TIM8_UP_IRQHandler ; TIM8 Update
DCD TIM8_TRG_COM_IRQHandler ; TIM8 Trigger and Commutation
DCD TIM8_CC_IRQHandler ; TIM8 Capture Compare
DCD ADC3_IRQHandler ; ADC3
DCD FSMC_IRQHandler ; FSMC
DCD SDIO_IRQHandler ; SDIO
DCD TIM5_IRQHandler ; TIM5
DCD SPI3_IRQHandler ; SPI3
DCD UART4_IRQHandler ; UART4
DCD UART5_IRQHandler ; UART5
DCD TIM6_IRQHandler ; TIM6
DCD TIM7_IRQHandler ; TIM7
DCD DMA2_Channel1_IRQHandler ; DMA2 Channel1
DCD DMA2_Channel2_IRQHandler ; DMA2 Channel2
DCD DMA2_Channel3_IRQHandler ; DMA2 Channel3
DCD DMA2_Channel4_5_IRQHandler ; DMA2 Channel4 & Channel5
__Vectors_End
__Vectors_Size EQU __Vectors_End - __Vectors
AREA |.text|, CODE, READONLY
; Reset handler
Reset_Handler PROC
EXPORT Reset_Handler [WEAK]
IMPORT __main
IMPORT SystemInit
LDR R0, =SystemInit
BLX R0
LDR R0, =__main
BX R0
ENDP
; Dummy Exception Handlers (infinite loops which can be modified)
NMI_Handler PROC
EXPORT NMI_Handler [WEAK]
B .
ENDP
HardFault_Handler\
PROC
EXPORT HardFault_Handler [WEAK]
B .
ENDP
MemManage_Handler\
PROC
EXPORT MemManage_Handler [WEAK]
B .
ENDP
BusFault_Handler\
PROC
EXPORT BusFault_Handler [WEAK]
B .
ENDP
UsageFault_Handler\
PROC
EXPORT UsageFault_Handler [WEAK]
B .
ENDP
SVC_Handler PROC
EXPORT SVC_Handler [WEAK]
B .
ENDP
DebugMon_Handler\
PROC
EXPORT DebugMon_Handler [WEAK]
B .
ENDP
PendSV_Handler PROC
EXPORT PendSV_Handler [WEAK]
B .
ENDP
SysTick_Handler PROC
EXPORT SysTick_Handler [WEAK]
B .
ENDP
Default_Handler PROC
EXPORT WWDG_IRQHandler [WEAK]
EXPORT PVD_IRQHandler [WEAK]
EXPORT TAMPER_IRQHandler [WEAK]
EXPORT RTC_IRQHandler [WEAK]
EXPORT FLASH_IRQHandler [WEAK]
EXPORT RCC_IRQHandler [WEAK]
EXPORT EXTI0_IRQHandler [WEAK]
EXPORT EXTI1_IRQHandler [WEAK]
EXPORT EXTI2_IRQHandler [WEAK]
EXPORT EXTI3_IRQHandler [WEAK]
EXPORT EXTI4_IRQHandler [WEAK]
EXPORT DMA1_Channel1_IRQHandler [WEAK]
EXPORT DMA1_Channel2_IRQHandler [WEAK]
EXPORT DMA1_Channel3_IRQHandler [WEAK]
EXPORT DMA1_Channel4_IRQHandler [WEAK]
EXPORT DMA1_Channel5_IRQHandler [WEAK]
EXPORT DMA1_Channel6_IRQHandler [WEAK]
EXPORT DMA1_Channel7_IRQHandler [WEAK]
EXPORT ADC1_2_IRQHandler [WEAK]
EXPORT USB_HP_CAN1_TX_IRQHandler [WEAK]
EXPORT USB_LP_CAN1_RX0_IRQHandler [WEAK]
EXPORT CAN1_RX1_IRQHandler [WEAK]
EXPORT CAN1_SCE_IRQHandler [WEAK]
EXPORT EXTI9_5_IRQHandler [WEAK]
EXPORT TIM1_BRK_IRQHandler [WEAK]
EXPORT TIM1_UP_IRQHandler [WEAK]
EXPORT TIM1_TRG_COM_IRQHandler [WEAK]
EXPORT TIM1_CC_IRQHandler [WEAK]
EXPORT TIM2_IRQHandler [WEAK]
EXPORT TIM3_IRQHandler [WEAK]
EXPORT TIM4_IRQHandler [WEAK]
EXPORT I2C1_EV_IRQHandler [WEAK]
EXPORT I2C1_ER_IRQHandler [WEAK]
EXPORT I2C2_EV_IRQHandler [WEAK]
EXPORT I2C2_ER_IRQHandler [WEAK]
EXPORT SPI1_IRQHandler [WEAK]
EXPORT SPI2_IRQHandler [WEAK]
EXPORT USART1_IRQHandler [WEAK]
EXPORT USART2_IRQHandler [WEAK]
EXPORT USART3_IRQHandler [WEAK]
EXPORT EXTI15_10_IRQHandler [WEAK]
EXPORT RTCAlarm_IRQHandler [WEAK]
EXPORT USBWakeUp_IRQHandler [WEAK]
EXPORT TIM8_BRK_IRQHandler [WEAK]
EXPORT TIM8_UP_IRQHandler [WEAK]
EXPORT TIM8_TRG_COM_IRQHandler [WEAK]
EXPORT TIM8_CC_IRQHandler [WEAK]
EXPORT ADC3_IRQHandler [WEAK]
EXPORT FSMC_IRQHandler [WEAK]
EXPORT SDIO_IRQHandler [WEAK]
EXPORT TIM5_IRQHandler [WEAK]
EXPORT SPI3_IRQHandler [WEAK]
EXPORT UART4_IRQHandler [WEAK]
EXPORT UART5_IRQHandler [WEAK]
EXPORT TIM6_IRQHandler [WEAK]
EXPORT TIM7_IRQHandler [WEAK]
EXPORT DMA2_Channel1_IRQHandler [WEAK]
EXPORT DMA2_Channel2_IRQHandler [WEAK]
EXPORT DMA2_Channel3_IRQHandler [WEAK]
EXPORT DMA2_Channel4_5_IRQHandler [WEAK]
WWDG_IRQHandler
PVD_IRQHandler
TAMPER_IRQHandler
RTC_IRQHandler
FLASH_IRQHandler
RCC_IRQHandler
EXTI0_IRQHandler
EXTI1_IRQHandler
EXTI2_IRQHandler
EXTI3_IRQHandler
EXTI4_IRQHandler
DMA1_Channel1_IRQHandler
DMA1_Channel2_IRQHandler
DMA1_Channel3_IRQHandler
DMA1_Channel4_IRQHandler
DMA1_Channel5_IRQHandler
DMA1_Channel6_IRQHandler
DMA1_Channel7_IRQHandler
ADC1_2_IRQHandler
USB_HP_CAN1_TX_IRQHandler
USB_LP_CAN1_RX0_IRQHandler
CAN1_RX1_IRQHandler
CAN1_SCE_IRQHandler
EXTI9_5_IRQHandler
TIM1_BRK_IRQHandler
TIM1_UP_IRQHandler
TIM1_TRG_COM_IRQHandler
TIM1_CC_IRQHandler
TIM2_IRQHandler
TIM3_IRQHandler
TIM4_IRQHandler
I2C1_EV_IRQHandler
I2C1_ER_IRQHandler
I2C2_EV_IRQHandler
I2C2_ER_IRQHandler
SPI1_IRQHandler
SPI2_IRQHandler
USART1_IRQHandler
USART2_IRQHandler
USART3_IRQHandler
EXTI15_10_IRQHandler
RTCAlarm_IRQHandler
USBWakeUp_IRQHandler
TIM8_BRK_IRQHandler
TIM8_UP_IRQHandler
TIM8_TRG_COM_IRQHandler
TIM8_CC_IRQHandler
ADC3_IRQHandler
FSMC_IRQHandler
SDIO_IRQHandler
TIM5_IRQHandler
SPI3_IRQHandler
UART4_IRQHandler
UART5_IRQHandler
TIM6_IRQHandler
TIM7_IRQHandler
DMA2_Channel1_IRQHandler
DMA2_Channel2_IRQHandler
DMA2_Channel3_IRQHandler
DMA2_Channel4_5_IRQHandler
B .
ENDP
ALIGN
;*******************************************************************************
; User Stack and Heap initialization
;*******************************************************************************
IF :DEF:__MICROLIB
EXPORT __initial_sp
EXPORT __heap_base
EXPORT __heap_limit
ELSE
IMPORT __use_two_region_memory
EXPORT __user_initial_stackheap
__user_initial_stackheap
LDR R0, = Heap_Mem
LDR R1, =(Stack_Mem + Stack_Size)
LDR R2, = (Heap_Mem + Heap_Size)
LDR R3, = Stack_Mem
BX LR
ALIGN
ENDIF
END
;******************* (C) COPYRIGHT 2011 STMicroelectronics *****END OF FILE*****
前言
在嵌入式开发中，**启动文件（Startup Code）**是系统上电后首先执行的代码，负责初始化微控制器的关键组件。今天我将详细分析 ST 官方提供的 startup_stm32f10x_hd.s 文件，带你深入了解 STM32 的启动过程。
文件概述
这是一个针对 STM32F10x High Density（高密度） 设备设计的启动文件，适用于 MDK-ARM（Keil） 工具链。
主要功能：
- 设置初始堆栈指针（SP）
- 设置初始程序计数器（PC）指向
Reset_Handler - 配置向量表，包含所有异常和中断处理函数的地址
- 初始化时钟系统
- 跳转到 C 库的
__main函数，最终调用main()
代码结构详解
1. 堆栈配置
Stack_Size EQU 0x00000400 ; 1KB 堆栈空间
Heap_Size EQU 0x00000200 ; 512B 堆空间
| 区域 | 大小 | 用途 |
|---|---|---|
| Stack（堆栈） | 1KB | 函数调用、局部变量存储 |
| Heap（堆） | 512B | 动态内存分配 |
2. 向量表（Vector Table）
向量表是 ARM Cortex-M3 处理器的核心概念，它定义了上电后各中断/异常的入口地址：
__Vectors DCD __initial_sp ; Top of Stack
DCD Reset_Handler ; Reset Handler
DCD NMI_Handler ; NMI Handler
DCD HardFault_Handler ; Hard Fault Handler
; ... 更多中断向量
关键向量说明：
| 向量索引 | 名称 | 说明 |
|---|---|---|
| 0 | MSP | 主堆栈指针初始值 |
| 1 | Reset | 复位中断，系统启动入口 |
| 2 | NMI | 不可屏蔽中断 |
| 3 | HardFault | 硬件错误中断 |
| 4 | MemManage | 内存管理错误 |
| 5 | BusFault | 总线错误 |
| 6 | UsageFault | 用法错误 |
| 11 | SVCall | 系统服务调用 |
| 12 | DebugMon | 调试监控器 |
| 14 | PendSV | 可挂起的系统服务请求 |
| 15 | SysTick | 系统定时器中断 |
3. 复位处理函数（Reset Handler）
这是系统启动的核心：
Reset_Handler PROC
EXPORT Reset_Handler [WEAK]
IMPORT __main
IMPORT SystemInit
LDR R0, =SystemInit
BLX R0 ; 调用系统初始化
LDR R0, =__main
BX R0 ; 跳转到 C 库
ENDP
执行流程：
- 调用
SystemInit()—— 初始化时钟系统 - 跳转到
__main—— C 运行时库的初始化函数 - 最终调用用户定义的
main()函数
4. 中断处理函数
所有中断处理函数都使用 [WEAK] 属性定义：
NMI_Handler PROC
EXPORT NMI_Handler [WEAK]
B . ; 无限循环
ENDP
为什么要用弱符号？ [WEAK] 关键字允许用户在自己的代码中重新定义这些中断处理函数。如果没有重新定义，芯片就会执行默认的无限循环，避免程序跑飞。
使用示例：
// 用户可以在 C 文件中重新定义
void SysTick_Handler(void) {
// 用户自定义逻辑
}
内存分布示意
0x20000000 (SRAM Start)
+------------------+
| Stack | <- __initial_sp (1KB, 向下增长)
+------------------+
| Heap | (512B, 向上增长)
+------------------+
| 未初始化数据 | (.bss)
+------------------+
| 初始化数据 | (.data)
+------------------+
0x08000000 (Flash Start)
+------------------+
| Flash ROM |
| Vector Table |
| Code & Data |
+------------------+
关键知识点总结
- 启动流程：
Reset→SystemInit()→__main()→main() - 向量表作用： 告诉 CPU 每个中断/异常应该去哪里执行。
- WEAK 符号的意义：
- 提供默认实现（死循环），防止未处理的中断导致系统崩溃。
- 允许用户在应用层轻松覆盖默认行为。
- 便于代码模块化，无需修改启动文件即可添加中断服务。
- 为什么需要 SystemInit()：
- 配置 PLL 时钟倍频
- 设置系统时钟源（HSE/HSI）
- 配置 Flash 等待周期以匹配新频率
- （可选）初始化外部 SRAM 或 FSMC
实际应用建议
- 调整堆栈大小：根据应用需求（如递归深度、局部变量大小、动态内存需求）修改
Stack_Size和Heap_Size。 - 添加中断处理：只需在 C 文件中定义对应的
void XXX_IRQHandler(void)函数，链接器会自动覆盖启动文件中的弱定义。 - 理解内存布局：对于优化 RAM 使用、定位栈溢出（Stack Overflow）问题至关重要。
结语
理解启动文件对于嵌入式系统开发非常重要。它不仅帮助我们理解微控制器的启动过程，还能让我们更好地进行系统级调试和优化。希望这篇文章能帮助你更好地掌握 STM32 的启动机制。
如果你有任何问题，欢迎在评论区讨论！
参考资料：STM32F10x Reference Manual, ARM Cortex-M3 Technical Reference Manual
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