Java 常见报错及解决方案

NullPointerException

检查对象是否为 null 再进行操作。使用 Optional 类可以避免 NullPointerException。

Optional<String> optional = Optional.ofNullable(someString);
optional.ifPresent(s -> System.out.println(s.length()));

ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException

确保数组索引在有效范围内。使用增强 for 循环可以避免索引越界。

for (String item : array) {
    System.out.println(item);
}

ClassCastException

在类型转换前使用 instanceof 进行检查。

if (obj instanceof String) {
    String str = (String) obj;
}

IOException

使用 try-with-resources 自动关闭资源。

try (BufferedReader br = new BufferedReader(new FileReader("file.txt"))) {
    String line;
    while ((line = br.readLine()) != null) {
        System.out.println(line);
    }
} catch (IOException e) {
    e.printStackTrace();
}

ConcurrentModificationException

在迭代集合时不要修改集合。使用 Iterator 的 remove 方法。

Iterator<String> iterator = list.iterator();
while (iterator.hasNext()) {
    String item = iterator.next();
    if (condition) {
        iterator.remove();
    }
}

Java 8+ 新特性解决报错

Optional 避免 NullPointerException

Optional<String> optional = Optional.ofNullable(getString());
String result = optional.orElse("default");

try-with-resources 简化资源管理

try (InputStream is = new FileInputStream("file.txt");
     OutputStream os = new FileOutputStream("output.txt")) {
    // 操作流
}

Objects 工具类进行空检查

Objects.requireNonNull(obj, "obj cannot be null");

性能相关报错解决

OutOfMemoryError

增加 JVM 堆内存大小。

java -Xmx1024m -Xms512m YourApplication

使用内存分析工具如 VisualVM 或 MAT 查找内存泄漏。

StackOverflowError

检查递归调用是否有终止条件。考虑使用迭代替代递归。

多线程问题解决

IllegalMonitorStateException

确保在同步块中使用 wait/notify。

synchronized (lock) {
    lock.wait();
    lock.notify();
}

Deadlock

使用 jstack 工具检测死锁。避免嵌套锁，按固定顺序获取锁。

编译时错误解决

UnsupportedClassVersionError

确保编译和运行使用的 Java 版本一致。使用 -target 和 -source 选项指定版本。

javac -target 11 -source 11 YourClass.java

依赖问题解决

NoClassDefFoundError

检查类路径是否包含所有依赖。使用 Maven/Gradle 管理依赖。

ClassNotFoundException

确保类名拼写正确，类文件在类路径中。

日志和调试技巧

使用 SLF4J 和 Logback 记录详细日志。

Logger logger = LoggerFactory.getLogger(YourClass.class);
logger.error("Error occurred", exception);

使用 IDE 的调试功能设置断点，检查变量值。

JVM 参数调优

对于性能问题，调整 JVM 参数：

-XX:+HeapDumpOnOutOfMemoryError
-XX:HeapDumpPath=/path/to/dump.hprof
-XX:+UseG1GC

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单元测试预防错误

使用 JUnit 编写测试用例，提前发现潜在问题。

@Test
public void testMethod() {
    assertThrows(NullPointerException.class, () -> methodUnderTest(null));
}