《学术英语》上学期期末复习指南

一、 试卷结构与分值分布 (Structure & Grading)

板块 题型 题目数量 预估分值 考察核心
I. 学术词汇与语法 选词填空 (Vocab/Linking/Tense) 3大题 15-20分 正式语体转换、时态语态、逻辑连接词
II. 学术写作微技能 单选/匹配/改写 (Mechanics/Hedging/Paraphrasing) 4大题 10-15分 模糊限制语(Hedging)、改写技巧、标点规范
III. 语篇结构分析 排序/填空/判断 (Abstract & Intro) 2个综合题组 40-50分 (重难点) BAMRI摘要模型、CARS引言模型
IV. 学术引用规范 多选/主观操作 (APA Formatting) 2大题 10-15分 APA参考文献格式、文内引用插入(In-text citation)

🌟🌟二、 具体考点与重难点分析 (Detailed Analysis)

第一板块:学术词汇与基础 (Vocabulary & Grammar)选词填空 (Vocab/Linking/Tense)

🔍 考题回顾:

● 把 help out 换成 assist,把 look into 换成 investigate

考题1-选词填空-Vocabulary

assist reduce create investigate raise increase determine fluctuate eliminate establish

  1. Expert Systems can help out the user in the diagnosis of problems.——assist

  2. This program was set up to improve access to medical care.——created

  3. Research expenditures have gone up to nearly $350 million.—— increased

  4. The use of optical character readers (OCRs) should cut down the number of problems with the U.S. mail service.——reduce

  5. Researchers have found out that this drug has serious side effects.——determine

find out = determine(查明、确定)

  1. Building a nuclear power plant will not get rid of the energy problem completely.——eliminate

get rid of = eliminate(消除)

  1. Researchers have been looking into this problem for 15 years now.——investigate

look into = investigate(调查、研究)

  1. This issue was brought up during the investigation.——raise

bring up an issue = raise an issue(提出问题)

  1. Engineers can come up with better designs using CAD.——create

come up with ideas/designs = create / develop

  1. The emission levels have been going up and down.——fluctuate

go up and down = fluctuate(波动)

考题2-逻辑连接词-Linking

考题3-时态填空:Digital technology ______ (become) prominent...

⚠️ 重难点 (Difficulty):

1. 短语动词 vs. 单个动词的精准对应: 例如 bring up 对应 raiseget together 对应 cooperate

2. 时态的语境判断:

a. 易错点: 在被动语态中忘记变分词(如 was believe ❌ 应为 was believed ✅)。

第二板块:学术写作微技能 (单选/匹配/改写 (Mechanics/Hedging/Paraphrasing))

🔍 考题回顾:

● Hedging四种基本策略

hedge——confidently uncertain

主观题: 用至少三个策略改写

⚠️ 重难点 (Difficulty):

1. Hedging的主观应用: 这是一个主观题,没有唯一答案,学生容易“改得不够”或“改得过头”。

考题1-模糊限制语(Hedging)L5-L7(主观题)

1 Probability

Modal verbs :Could, would, may, might

Nouns:Possibility,probability

Adjectives:likely/unlikely, possible, certain

Adverbs:Probably, sometimes, certainly, definitely, clearly, probably, possibly, perhaps, conceivably, hardly, apparently, partially, partly, nearly, fairly, hopefully, likely,mainly, almost, mostly, presumably, quite clearly, quite, rather, supposedly, somewhat

2 Weaker verbs

3 Adding Distance

4 Defending Generalization

课上的题目:

1-adding distance 2-weaker verbs 3-probability 4-defending generalization(捍卫普遍性)

考题2-Paraphrasing (同义改写): 很多学生误以为改写就是“换同义词”,而忽略了“句式结构改变”(如主动变被动)。考题中专门设置了干扰项(仅替换个别词汇)。P78/L12-L13

STRATEGIES for paraphrasing

1-利用同义词(synonyms

2-Change the word form/grammatical form if necessary

3-Changing the grammatical structure

How to paraphrase?L12-L13

考题3-Mechanics写作技术规范 / 书写规范L6-9

包括

•Spelling 拼写问题

•Abbreviation 缩写问题

•Punctuation 标点符号问题

•Capitalization 大写问题

•Italics 斜体问题

•Numbers 数字问题

•Enumeration枚举问题

第三板块:语篇结构分析—— 🔥 核心失分点

⚠️ 重难点 (Difficulty):

1. BAMRI摘要模型

a. 破题关键: 找信号词。

i. Aim: The primary thrust of this study is... / This study examines...

ii. Result: The findings reveal... / The results indicated...

2. CARS引言模型 (Introduction) 的四步的逻辑流:

背景句拉长,需要注意里面的逻辑词;第二个动作的Review Literative,关注逻辑:从远及近,从粗到西,从总体文献到个别突出文献的逻辑

第四板块:APA 学术引用规范 (Citation & APA)多选/主观操作 (APA Formatting)

🔍 考题回顾:

考题1-Reference List格式

● 多选:选出正确的APA Reference List格式。

主观操作题: 在文中插入引用(Integral vs. Non-integral)。

⚠️ 重难点 (Difficulty):

1. APA格式的细节魔鬼: 斜体(书名/期刊名)、括号位置、作者姓名的缩写。

a. 易错点: 分不清书名号、引号(APA不用书名号)以及年份的位置。

APA 引用规则

1. Book
  • 规则:书名(book title)需要 *斜体*。

  • 原因:在 APA 中,书籍是完整独立出版的资源,斜体用于突出独立出版物的标题。

  • 示例

Brown, D. (2019). The history of modern Europe. New York, NY: Academic Press.

书名用斜体,首字母大写遵循句式大小写(即只有第一个单词和专有名词大写)。

2. Chapter in an Edited Book
  • 规则:章节标题(chapter title)不斜体,书籍标题(book title)*斜体*。

  • 原因:章节本身是书的一部分,不是独立出版物,所以标题不斜体;书名是独立出版物,需要斜体。

  • 示例

Smith, J. (2020). Cognitive development in early childhood. In R. Johnson (Ed.), Advances in developmental psychology(pp. 45–68). Boston, MA: Springer.

  章节标题:Cognitive development in early childhood → 不斜体

  书籍标题:Advances in developmental psychology → 斜体

  注意:章节标题遵循句式大小写(首字母大写,第一个单词大写,其余普通小写),书名斜体。

   Smith, J. D. (2022). Digital marketing trends. In A. B. Carter & C. D. Lee (Eds.), The future of business (pp. 112–135). Sage Publications. https://doi.org/10.10xx/xxxxx

Smith, J. D. (2022). Digital marketing trends. [这是章节名,无斜体] In A. B. Carter, C. D. Lee, & E. F. Wong (Eds.), The future of business [这是书名,要斜体] (pp. 112–135). Sage Publications.

  总结:

  • 章节名:Digital marketing trends. (常规字体

  • 连接词:In (常规字体

  • 编者:A. B. Carter et al. (Eds.), (常规字体

  • 书名The future of business斜体

  • 页码:(pp. 112–135). (常规字体

  • 章节作者(最前面的作者): 姓在前,名缩写在后。

  • 示例:Smith, J. D. (2022).

  • 书籍编者(In 之后的部分): 名缩写在前,姓在后

  • 示例:In A. B. Carter (Ed.),

3. Journal Article期刊文章
  • 规则 1:文章标题的 首字母大写(句式大小写)。

  • 规则 2:期刊名称的 每个主要单词首字母大写(标题大小写),并 *斜体*。

  • 原因

    • 文章标题是较小的独立单位,APA 用句式大小写(Sentence case)。

    • 期刊名称是独立出版物,需要斜体,并且每个主要单词大写以符合标题大小写(Title Case)。

  • 示例

Miller, A. B., & Chen, C. (2018). Effects of social media on attention span. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 45(3), 123–135.

逐部分说明:

  1. 作者

    Miller, A. B., & Chen, C. → 不斜体
  2. 年份

    (2018). → 不斜体
  3. 文章标题

    Effects of social media on attention span → 不斜体,使用 句式大小写(Sentence case),即只有第一个单词首字母大写,专有名词大写
  4. 期刊名称

    Journal of Experimental Psychology斜体,使用 标题大小写(Title Case),即每个主要单词首字母大写
  5. 卷号

    45 → 斜体(卷号要斜体)
  6. 期号

    (3) → 不斜体,括号内
  7. 页码

    123–135 → 不斜体

考点2-In-text citation 引用的句法嵌入:

a. 题目要求:Integral vs. Non-intergral, reporting vs. non-reporting, direct citation vs. indirect citation

融入式 vs. 非融入式 (Integral vs. Non-integral)

Integral (融入式): 作者的名字出现在句子中,充当语法成分(通常是主语)。强调“谁说的。emphasizing the cited author

例: Smith (2020) found that...

Non-integral (非融入式): 作者信息全部在括号里,不充当句子成分。强调“说了什么”。emphasizing the cited information

例: It was found that... (Smith, 2020).

汇报动词 vs. 无汇报动词 (Reporting vs. Non-reporting)

Reporting (带汇报词): 使用动词来描述作者的行为(如 argue, suggest, claim, define),明确呈现作者的“立场/论断”

例: Smith (2020) claims that...

强立场(争议性观点):argue、claim、contend、maintain

中等立场(解释 / 推断):suggest、propose、posit、assume

弱立场 / 中性呈现:note、observe、point out、report

Non-reporting (无汇报词):不使用 reporting verb,而是直接陈述研究结果(常呈现为“事实性发现”

○ 通常配合非融入式使用:

It has been shown that caffeine intake negatively affects sleep quality (Czeisler, 2015).

○ 或者使用介词短语:According to Smith (2020), ...

1️⃣直接事实陈述句:X + 客观动词 + Y

常用动词:show, demonstrate, indicate, reveal, confirm

2️⃣ 被动结构(去作者化):It + has been + 过去分词 + that + 结果

固定搭配

  • It has been shown that

  • It has been demonstrated that

  • It has been observed that

3️⃣ 名词化证据结构:Evidence / Findings / Results + indicate / show + that …

4️⃣ 因果 / 结果表达:X + lead to / result in / contribute to + Y

5️⃣ 关联 / 相关性表达:X + be associated / correlated / linked with + Y

6️⃣ 影响 / 效应名词结构:X + have / exert + effect / impact / influence + on + Y

7️⃣ 存在 / 关系陈述:A / An + relationship / association + exists between X and Y

8️⃣ 研究内容描述(非立场):This study / The research + examines / investigates / focuses on + 对象

直接引用 vs. 间接引用 (Direct vs. Indirect)

Direct: 原话照搬,必须加引号,且必须加页码

Indirect (Paraphrasing): 改写大意,不加引号,页码可选(APA建议不加,但在特定练习中需看老师要求)。

例子:假设原始文献 (Source Material)

作者 (Author): J. K. Smith

年份 (Year): 2023

页码 (Page): 15

原话 (Original Text): "Academic writing requires a formal tone, precise vocabulary, and objective stance to ensure clarity and credibility."

直接引用 (Direct Citation)

规则: 必须使用引号 "" + 必须包含页码 (p. xx)。

A. 融入式 (Integral) —— 作者在句子里

Smith (2023) stated, "Academic writing requires a formal tone, precise vocabulary, and objective stance to ensure clarity and credibility" (p. 15). 注意:页码括号放在引号之后,句号之前。

B. 非融入式 (Non-integral) —— 作者在括号里

It has been emphasized that "academic writing requires a formal tone, precise vocabulary, and objective stance to ensure clarity and credibility" (Smith, 2023, p. 15). 注意:作者、年份、页码都在句末括号里,用逗号隔开。

⚠️ 考试易错点 (Exam Tips):

1. 页码缩写: 单页用 p. (e.g., p. 15);跨页用 pp. (e.g., pp. 15–16)。

2. 句号位置: 句号通常在引用括号的外面 (End of sentence punctuation comes after the closing parenthesis)。

1. ✅ ...credibility" (p. 15).

2.❌ ...credibility." (p. 15)

组合拳:六种常见句式模版 (Syntactic Templates)

考试中通常要求学生根据括号里的提示(如:Integral, Reporting verb "claim")来造句。以下是学生必须掌握的公式:

组合类型 句法公式 (Formula) 示例 (Example) 难点提示
A. 融入(Integral) + 汇报(Reporting) + 间接(Indirect) Subject (Date) + Verb + that-clause Lee (2019) argued that digital tools are vital. 动词时态与单复数
B. 融入(Integral) + 无汇报(Non-reporting) + 间接(Indirect) According to + Author (Date), + sentence According to Lee (2019), digital tools are vital. 后面必须是完整句子
C. 非融入(Non-integral)+ 间接(Indirect) Sentence + (Author, Date). Digital tools are vital (Lee, 2019). 句号在括号后面
D. 融入(Integral)+ 汇报(Reporting) + 直接(Direct) Subject (Date) + Verb + "Quote" (p. X). Lee (2019) stated, "Tools are vital" (p. 25). 页码单独放在句尾
E. 非融入(Non-integral) + 直接(Direct) Sentence + "Quote" (Author, Date, p. X). Digital learning is "vital" (Lee, 2019, p. 25). 信息全部入括号
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