乌克兰相关信息详细纪要（Detailed Summary of Information About Ukraine）

本文档涵盖乌克兰的地理特征、历史脉络、文化底蕴、城市风貌、产业经济及俄乌战争的多维度影响，结合具体数据与案例，全面呈现乌克兰的现状与价值，呼吁国际社会关注和平进程。

(This document is a deeply organized and expanded version based on recording content, covering Ukraine’s geographical features, historical context, cultural heritage, urban landscape, industrial economy, and multi-dimensional impacts of the Russia-Ukraine war. It comprehensively presents Ukraine’s current situation and value with specific data and cases, calling on the international community to pay attention to the peace process.)

一、基本概况（Basic Overview）

（一）地理与人口（Geography and Population）

• 地理位置：位于欧洲东部，东北部与俄罗斯接壤，北部毗邻白俄罗斯，西部连接波兰、斯洛伐克、匈牙利，西南部与罗马尼亚、摩尔多瓦交界，南部濒临黑海与亚速海，是连接东欧与中亚、西亚的地缘枢纽。

  (Geographical location: Located in eastern Europe, bordering Russia to the northeast, Belarus to the north, Poland, Slovakia, and Hungary to the west, Romania and Moldova to the southwest, and the Black Sea and Azov Sea to the south. It is a geopolitical hub connecting Eastern Europe with Central Asia and Western Asia.)

• 国土与气候：国土面积约 60.37 万平方公里（欧洲第二，仅次于俄罗斯），地形以平原为主（占国土面积的 95%），仅西部有喀尔巴阡山脉、南部有克里米亚山脉；气候属温带大陆性气候，年均温 6-14℃，年降水量 400-800 毫米，适宜农业发展。

  (Territory and climate: With a land area of about 603,700 square kilometers (the second largest in Europe, after Russia), the terrain is mainly plain (accounting for 95% of the land area), with only the Carpathian Mountains in the west and the Crimean Mountains in the south. The climate is temperate continental, with an average annual temperature of 6-14℃ and annual precipitation of 400-800 mm, suitable for agricultural development.)

• 人口与民族：截至 2024 年初，人口约 3250 万（因战争导致约 600 万人口外流，主要前往欧盟国家），其中乌克兰族占 77.8%，俄罗斯族占 17.3%，其余为白俄罗斯族、罗马尼亚族、匈牙利族等；官方语言为乌克兰语，俄语在东部、南部地区广泛使用，部分地区实行双语教育。

  (Population and ethnicity: As of the beginning of 2024, the population is about 32.5 million (about 6 million people have emigrated due to the war, mainly to EU countries), of which Ukrainians account for 77.8%, Russians 17.3%, and the rest are Belarusians, Romanians, Hungarians, etc. The official language is Ukrainian, and Russian is widely used in the eastern and southern regions, with bilingual education implemented in some areas.)

（二）经济与资源（Economy and Resources）

• 农业支柱：黑土面积占国土面积的 2/3，是全球三大黑土分布区之一（另为中国东北、美国中部），主要种植小麦、玉米、向日葵、甜菜，其中小麦年产量约 3000 万吨（占全球产量的 4%），向日葵籽产量占全球 25% 以上，是全球第三大粮食出口国（仅次于美国、巴西），有 “欧洲粮仓” 之称。

  (Agricultural pillar: Black soil accounts for 2/3 of the land area, one of the three major black soil distribution areas in the world (the other two are Northeast China and the central United States). It mainly grows wheat, corn, sunflower, and sugar beet. The annual wheat output is about 30 million tons (accounting for 4% of global output), and sunflower seed output accounts for more than 25% of the world. It is the third largest grain exporter in the world (after the United States and Brazil), known as the “granary of Europe”.)

• 工业基础：工业体系以重工业为主，涵盖冶金（克里沃罗格铁矿是欧洲最大铁矿之一）、机械制造（哈尔科夫拖拉机厂、基辅航空制造厂）、化工（第聂伯罗彼得罗夫斯克化工园区）、能源（扎波罗热核电站是欧洲最大核电站）；IT 产业为新兴增长点，基辅、利沃夫是东欧重要 IT 外包中心，年产业规模约 50 亿美元，服务全球 20% 的外包需求。

  (Industrial foundation: The industrial system is dominated by heavy industry, covering metallurgy (Krivoy Rog Iron Mine is one of the largest iron mines in Europe), machinery manufacturing (Kharkiv Tractor Plant, Kyiv Aircraft Manufacturing Plant), chemical industry (Dnipropetrovsk Chemical Park), and energy (Zaporizhzhia Nuclear Power Plant is the largest nuclear power plant in Europe). The IT industry is a new growth point; Kyiv and Lviv are important IT outsourcing centers in Eastern Europe, with an annual industry scale of about 5 billion US dollars, serving 20% of global outsourcing needs.)

• 资源储备：除铁矿外，还拥有锰矿（储量占全球 10%）、煤矿（顿巴斯煤田是东欧主要煤田）、天然气（储量约 1.1 万亿立方米，需进口补充需求）、石油（储量约 1 亿吨，自给率不足 30%）。

  (Resource reserves: In addition to iron ore, it also has manganese ore (reserves account for 10% of the world), coal mines (Donbas Coalfield is a major coalfield in Eastern Europe), natural gas (reserves of about 1.1 trillion cubic meters, requiring imports to supplement demand), and oil (reserves of about 100 million tons, with self-sufficiency rate less than 30%).)

二、母亲河与首都（Mother River and Capital）

（一）第聂伯河（Dnieper River）

• 河流概况：欧洲第三大河（全长 2200 公里），发源于俄罗斯瓦尔代丘陵，流经白俄罗斯后进入乌克兰，自北向南贯穿乌克兰全境，在赫尔松附近注入黑海；流域面积约 50.4 万平方公里，其中在乌克兰境内占 70%，是乌克兰最重要的水运与灌溉动脉。

  (River overview: The third largest river in Europe (2,200 kilometers long), originating from the Valdai Hills in Russia, flowing through Belarus into Ukraine, running through Ukraine from north to south, and emptying into the Black Sea near Kherson. The drainage area is about 504,000 square kilometers, 70% of which is in Ukraine, making it the most important water transportation and irrigation artery in Ukraine.)

• 历史与经济价值：公元 9 世纪孕育基辅罗斯文明（东斯拉夫人最早的国家形态），中世纪时是东欧贸易通道（连接波罗的海与黑海）；现代建有第聂伯河水电站（1932 年建成，欧洲最早大型水电站之一），灌溉沿岸约 300 万公顷农田，支撑乌克兰 25% 的农业产值；主要流经城市包括基辅、第聂伯罗彼得罗夫斯克、扎波罗热、赫尔松，形成 “第聂伯河经济带”。

  (Historical and economic value: It gave birth to the Kyivan Rus civilization (the earliest state form of East Slavs) in the 9th century, and was a trade route in Eastern Europe (connecting the Baltic Sea and the Black Sea) in the Middle Ages. The Dnieper Hydroelectric Power Station (built in 1932, one of the earliest large-scale hydropower stations in Europe) was built in modern times, irrigating about 3 million hectares of farmland along the coast and supporting 25% of Ukraine’s agricultural output. The main cities it flows through include Kyiv, Dnipropetrovsk, Zaporizhzhia, and Kherson, forming the “Dnieper River Economic Belt”.)

（二）基辅（Kyiv）

• 城市定位与历史：乌克兰首都及最大城市（面积 827 平方公里，人口约 290 万），始建于公元 5 世纪，公元 9 世纪成为基辅罗斯首都，13 世纪受蒙古帝国统治，17 世纪并入沙俄，1991 年乌克兰独立后成为首都；是东正教重要中心（东正教基辅牧首区所在地），有 “东斯拉夫人的母亲城” 之称。

  (City positioning and history: The capital and largest city of Ukraine (covering an area of 827 square kilometers, with a population of about 2.9 million), founded in the 5th century AD, became the capital of Kyivan Rus in the 9th century, ruled by the Mongol Empire in the 13th century, incorporated into the Russian Empire in the 17th century, and became the capital after Ukraine’s independence in 1991. It is an important center of Eastern Orthodoxy (seat of the Kyiv Patriarchate of Eastern Orthodoxy), known as the “mother city of East Slavs”.)

• 文化与教育：拥有超过 120 座博物馆、80 座剧院，其中基辅洞穴修道院（1051 年建成，联合国世界文化遗产）保存有 11-17 世纪的壁画与圣像画，圣索菲亚大教堂（1037 年建成，世界文化遗产）的金色穹顶是基辅标志性景观；教育资源雄厚，基辅国立塔拉斯・舍甫琴科大学（1834 年建校）是东欧顶尖高校，在校学生约 3 万人，设有 15 个学院。

  (Culture and education: It has more than 120 museums and 80 theaters. Among them, Kyiv Pechersk Lavra (built in 1051, a UNESCO World Cultural Heritage) preserves murals and icons from the 11th to 17th centuries, and the golden dome of Saint Sophia Cathedral (built in 1037, a World Cultural Heritage) is a landmark of Kyiv. It has strong educational resources; Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv (founded in 1834) is a top university in Eastern Europe, with about 30,000 students and 15 colleges.)

• 现代发展：作为乌克兰交通枢纽，拥有基辅鲍里斯波尔国际机场（年客运量约 700 万人次，战前数据）、基辅地铁（始建于 1960 年，3 条线路，总长 67 公里）；城市绿化覆盖率达 40%，有 “花园城市” 美誉，主要公园包括基辅植物园（欧洲最大植物园之一，占地 1.3 平方公里）、第聂伯河沿岸公园。

  (Modern development: As Ukraine’s transportation hub, it has Kyiv Boryspil International Airport (annual passenger volume of about 7 million, pre-war data) and Kyiv Metro (founded in 1960, 3 lines, with a total length of 67 kilometers). The urban green coverage rate reaches 40%, known as the “garden city”. Major parks include Kyiv Botanical Garden (one of the largest botanical gardens in Europe, covering 1.3 square kilometers) and Dnieper River Coast Park.)

三、重要历史与地理标志（Important Historical and Geographical Landmarks）

（一）切尔诺贝利（Chernobyl）

• 核事故详情：1986 年 4 月 26 日，切尔诺贝利核电站 4 号反应堆因操作失误与设计缺陷发生爆炸，释放约 5000 万居里的辐射量（相当于广岛原子弹的 400 倍），导致 31 人当场死亡，后续因辐射引发的癌症、白血病等疾病致死者超过 4000 人（联合国原子辐射效应科学委员会数据）。

  (Details of the nuclear accident: On April 26, 1986, Reactor 4 of the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant exploded due to operational errors and design flaws, releasing about 50 million curies of radiation (equivalent to 400 times that of the Hiroshima atomic bomb), killing 31 people on the spot, and more than 4,000 people died from radiation-induced diseases such as cancer and leukemia (data from the United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation).)

• 隔离区现状：事故后划定半径 30 公里的 “隔离区”（总面积约 2600 平方公里），普里皮亚季城（核电站员工生活区，人口约 5 万）被彻底废弃，建筑内留存有当年的书籍、玩具等物品，成为 “时间胶囊”；2011 年隔离区对游客开放（需提前申请许可，跟随专业导游），2021 年新建的 “新安全 confinement”（钢铁穹顶，重达 3.6 万吨）取代旧石棺，可将辐射隔离 100 年。

  (Current situation of the exclusion zone: After the accident, a “30-kilometer radius exclusion zone” (with a total area of about 2,600 square kilometers) was designated. The city of Pripyat (the living area for nuclear power plant employees, with a population of about 50,000) was completely abandoned, and books, toys and other items from that year remain in the buildings, becoming a “time capsule”. The exclusion zone was opened to tourists in 2011 (requiring advance application for permission and following professional guides). In 2021, the newly built “New Safe Confinement” (a steel dome weighing 36,000 tons) replaced the old sarcophagus, which can isolate radiation for 100 years.)

• 生态影响：事故初期导致周边土壤、水源严重污染，松树因辐射死亡形成 “红森林”（因树皮变红得名）；近年来隔离区生态逐渐恢复，狼、熊、鹿等动物回归，但部分区域土壤辐射值仍超安全标准（约 0.5 微西弗 / 小时，安全值为 0.1 微西弗 / 小时），不适合人类长期居住。

  (Ecological impact: In the early stage of the accident, the surrounding soil and water sources were severely polluted, and pine trees died due to radiation, forming the “Red Forest” (named for the red bark). In recent years, the ecology of the exclusion zone has gradually recovered, and animals such as wolves, bears, and deer have returned, but the soil radiation level in some areas still exceeds the safety standard (about 0.5 microsieverts per hour, the safety value is 0.1 microsieverts per hour), which is not suitable for long-term human habitation.)

（二）扎波罗热（Zaporizhzhia）

• 扎波罗热塞契（Zaporozhian Sich）：位于第聂伯河中游的波尔蒂恰岛（面积 23.5 平方公里），16 世纪末由哥萨克人建立，是 16-18 世纪哥萨克联邦的政治与军事中心，曾多次反抗沙俄、波兰的统治，是乌克兰民族意识的重要发源地；现存遗址包括哥萨克堡垒残垣、教堂遗迹，2008 年被列入联合国世界文化遗产预备名录。

  (Zaporozhian Sich: Located on Khortytsia Island (area 23.5 square kilometers) in the middle reaches of the Dnieper River, founded by Cossacks at the end of the 16th century, it was the political and military center of the Cossack Commonwealth in the 16th-18th centuries, and repeatedly resisted the rule of the Russian Empire and Poland, an important birthplace of Ukrainian national consciousness. The existing ruins include the remains of Cossack fortresses and church ruins, and it was included in the UNESCO World Cultural Heritage Tentative List in 2008.)

• 扎波罗热核电站（Zaporizhzhia Nuclear Power Plant）：建于 1984-1995 年，拥有 6 座反应堆，总装机容量 570 万千瓦，是欧洲最大、全球第三大核电站（仅次于日本柏崎刈羽核电站、韩国古里核电站）；2022 年俄乌冲突后被俄军控制，多次因炮击导致断电风险，国际原子能机构（IAEA）已派驻专家常驻，监测核安全。

  (Zaporizhzhia Nuclear Power Plant: Built from 1984 to 1995, it has 6 reactors with a total installed capacity of 5.7 million kilowatts, the largest nuclear power plant in Europe and the third largest in the world (after Kashiwazaki-Kariwa Nuclear Power Plant in Japan and Kori Nuclear Power Plant in South Korea). It has been controlled by the Russian military since the Russia-Ukraine conflict in 2022, and has repeatedly faced power outage risks due to shelling. The International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) has stationed experts there permanently to monitor nuclear safety.)

（三）喀尔巴阡山脉（Carpathian Mountains）

• 地理与景观：位于乌克兰西部，是喀尔巴阡山脉的东延部分（在乌克兰境内长约 280 公里，宽 60-80 公里），最高峰为霍韦尔拉山（Hoverla，海拔 2061 米，乌克兰最高峰）；山区以针阔混交林为主，拥有库尼贡达湖（冰川成因湖，面积 0.5 平方公里，湖水透明度达 10 米）、斯特雷河峡谷等自然景观，是乌克兰重要的生态保护区（占国土面积的 3%）。

  (Geography and landscape: Located in western Ukraine, it is the eastern extension of the Carpathian Mountains (about 280 kilometers long and 60-80 kilometers wide in Ukraine), with the highest peak being Hoverla (2,061 meters above sea level, the highest peak in Ukraine). The mountainous area is dominated by coniferous and broad-leaved mixed forests, with natural landscapes such as Lake Kuhnjigunda (a glacial lake with an area of 0.5 square kilometers and lake water transparency of 10 meters) and the Stryi River Gorge. It is an important ecological protection area in Ukraine (accounting for 3% of the land area).)

• 利沃夫（Lviv）：位于喀尔巴阡山脉东北麓，乌克兰西部最大城市（面积 182 平方公里，人口约 72 万），13 世纪由波兰统治，18 世纪并入奥地利，1939 年划归苏联，历史上受奥匈帝国文化影响深远，建筑风格以新古典主义、哥特式为主，老城区（1998 年世界文化遗产）有 “小维也纳” 之称。

  (Lviv: Located at the northeastern foot of the Carpathian Mountains, the largest city in western Ukraine (covering an area of 182 square kilometers, with a population of about 720,000), ruled by Poland in the 13th century, incorporated into Austria in the 18th century, and assigned to the Soviet Union in 1939. It was profoundly influenced by Austro-Hungarian culture in history, with architectural styles mainly neoclassical and Gothic. The old town (a World Cultural Heritage in 1998) is known as “Little Vienna”.)

• 战时角色与文化特色：2022 年俄乌战争爆发后，利沃夫因远离东部前线，成为乌克兰临时行政中心之一，政府部分机构、外国使馆迁至此处；当地文化氛围浓厚，拥有利沃夫国立音乐学院（1853 年建校，东欧最古老音乐学院之一）、利沃夫巧克力工厂（1882 年创立，全球知名巧克力品牌），每年举办利沃夫国际电影节（东欧重要电影节）。

四、其他重要城市（Other Important Cities）

（一）巴科塔（Bakota）

• 自然与生态：位于乌克兰西部赫梅利尼茨基州，第聂伯河支流南布格河畔，拥有巴科塔自然景观保护区（面积 16.2 平方公里），保护对象包括黑鹳（濒危物种）、水獭、欧洲野牛等，以及百年树龄的橡树、椴树林；保护区内的巴科塔水库（面积 22 平方公里）是乌克兰西部最大人工湖，适合划船、钓鱼等休闲活动。

  (Nature and ecology: Located in Khmelnytskyi Oblast in western Ukraine, on the banks of the Southern Bug River (a tributary of the Dnieper River), it has Bakota Natural Landscape Reserve (area 16.2 square kilometers), protecting objects including black storks (endangered species), otters, European bison, etc., as well as century-old oak and linden forests. The Bakota Reservoir (area 22 square kilometers) in the reserve is the largest artificial lake in western Ukraine, suitable for boating, fishing and other leisure activities.)

• 卡缅涅茨波多利斯基城堡（Kamianets-Podilskyi Castle）：位于巴科塔附近的卡缅涅茨波多利斯基市，建于 14 世纪（哥特式风格），16 世纪扩建为文艺复兴式堡垒，坐落在高 50 米的岩石上，四周被峡谷环绕，曾是抵御奥斯曼帝国入侵的重要要塞；城堡保存完好，现存建筑包括主塔楼（高 35 米）、护城河、武器库，内部设有历史博物馆，展示 14-18 世纪的兵器、服饰。

  (Kamianets-Podilskyi Castle: Located in the city of Kamianets-Podilskyi near Bakota, built in the 14th century (Gothic style), expanded into a Renaissance fortress in the 16th century, located on a 50-meter-high rock, surrounded by canyons, and was an important fortress against the invasion of the Ottoman Empire. The castle is well-preserved, with existing buildings including the main tower (35 meters high), moat, and arsenal. There is a history museum inside, displaying weapons and costumes from the 14th to 18th centuries.)

（二）敖德萨（Odesa）

• 港口与经济：位于乌克兰南部黑海沿岸，是乌克兰最大海港（港口水域面积 113 平方公里，年吞吐量约 1.4 亿吨，战前数据），可停泊 10 万吨级货轮，主要出口粮食、钢铁、机械设备，进口石油、消费品；港口始建于 1794 年，由沙俄女皇叶卡捷琳娜二世下令修建，是 “黑海航运走廊” 的关键节点。

  (Port and economy: Located on the Black Sea coast in southern Ukraine, it is Ukraine’s largest seaport (port water area of 113 square kilometers, annual throughput of about 140 million tons, pre-war data), capable of berthing 100,000-ton cargo ships. It mainly exports grain, steel, machinery and equipment, and imports oil and consumer goods. The port was founded in 1794, ordered to be built by Empress Catherine II of the Russian Empire, and is a key node of the “Black Sea Shipping Corridor”.)

• 文化与旅游：有 “黑海明珠” 之称，城市建筑融合法式、意大利式风格，著名景点包括敖德萨国立歌舞剧院（1809 年建成，新古典主义风格，可容纳 1600 名观众）、敖德萨阶梯（193 级台阶，因电影《战舰波将金号》闻名）、阿尔卡季滨海大道（长 2 公里，沿线有喷泉、雕塑）；当地以幽默文化著称，每年举办 “敖德萨幽默节”，是乌克兰重要的旅游疗养胜地（年接待游客约 300 万人次，战前数据）。

  (Culture and tourism: Known as the “Pearl of the Black Sea”, the city’s architecture integrates French and Italian styles. Famous attractions include Odesa National Opera and Ballet Theatre (built in 1809, neoclassical style, can accommodate 1,600 audiences), Odesa Steps (193 steps, famous for the film “Battleship Potemkin”), and Arcadia Seafront Boulevard (2 kilometers long, with fountains and sculptures along the line). The local area is famous for its humor culture, holding the “Odesa Humor Festival” every year, and is an important tourist and health resort in Ukraine (receiving about 3 million tourists annually, pre-war data).)

（三）克里米亚半岛（Crimean Peninsula）

• 地理与气候：位于黑海北部，面积约 2.7 万平方公里，地形以平原（占 60%）和山地（南部克里米亚山脉，最高峰罗曼科什山海拔 1545 米）为主；气候属地中海气候，夏季炎热干燥（平均温 24-28℃），冬季温和湿润（平均温 2-6℃），是苏联时期著名的 “夏季度假胜地”。

  (Geography and climate: Located in the northern Black Sea, with an area of about 27,000 square kilometers, the terrain is mainly plain (60%) and mountain (the Crimean Mountains in the south, with the highest peak Roman-Kosh at 1,545 meters above sea level). The climate is Mediterranean, hot and dry in summer (average temperature 24-28℃) and mild and humid in winter (average temperature 2-6℃), a famous “summer resort” during the Soviet Union period.)

• 历史与地位争议：1783 年被沙俄吞并，1954 年苏联最高苏维埃将其划归乌克兰（纪念俄乌合并 300 周年）；2014 年乌克兰危机后，克里米亚举行公投（96.77% 支持加入俄罗斯），俄罗斯随后宣布将其纳入版图，但联合国及多数国家不承认这一结果，目前由俄罗斯实际控制，乌克兰仍主张拥有主权。

  (History and status dispute: Annexed by the Russian Empire in 1783, and assigned to Ukraine by the Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union in 1954 (to commemorate the 300th anniversary of the unification of Russia and Ukraine). After the Ukrainian crisis in 2014, Crimea held a referendum (96.77% supported joining Russia), and Russia subsequently announced its incorporation into its territory. However, the United Nations and most countries do not recognize this result. Currently, it is actually controlled by Russia, and Ukraine still claims sovereignty.)

• 塞瓦斯托波尔（Sevastopol）：位于克里米亚半岛西南端，是黑海沿岸天然良港（港阔水深，冬季不结冰），1854-1856 年克里米亚战争期间，曾是英、法、土联军与俄军的激战地；现为俄罗斯黑海舰队主要基地（根据 1997 年俄乌条约，俄罗斯可驻军至 2042 年），拥有塞瓦斯托波尔海湾、马拉霍夫岗战场遗址等景点。

  (Sevastopol: Located at the southwest end of the Crimean Peninsula, it is a natural good port on the Black Sea coast (wide port and deep water, not frozen in winter). During the Crimean War from 1854 to 1856, it was a fierce battle site between the British, French, Turkish coalition forces and the Russian army. It is now the main base of the Russian Black Sea Fleet (according to the 1997 Russia-Ukraine treaty, Russia can station troops until 2042), with attractions such as Sevastopol Bay and Malakhov Mound Battlefield Ruins.)

五、乌东地区现状（Current Situation in Eastern Ukraine）

（一）区域概况（Regional Overview）

• 范围与资源：通常指乌克兰东部的顿涅茨克州、卢甘斯克州、哈尔科夫州、扎波罗热州（部分区域），面积约 12 万平方公里，人口约 700 万（战前数据）；是乌克兰工业核心区，顿巴斯煤田（储量约 1400 亿吨）、克里沃罗格铁矿（储量约 200 亿吨）均位于此，钢铁产量占乌克兰的 70%，煤炭产量占 80%，机械制造产值占 60%。

  (Scope and resources: Usually referring to Donetsk Oblast, Luhansk Oblast, Kharkiv Oblast, and part of Zaporizhzhia Oblast in eastern Ukraine, covering an area of about 120,000 square kilometers, with a population of about 7 million (pre-war data). It is the industrial core area of Ukraine, with the Donbas Coalfield (reserves of about 140 billion tons) and Krivoy Rog Iron Mine (reserves of about 20 billion tons) located here. Steel output accounts for 70% of Ukraine, coal output 80%, and machinery manufacturing output value 60%.)

• 历史背景：19 世纪末因工业发展吸引大量俄罗斯移民，形成俄裔聚居区，俄语为主要日常语言；2014 年乌克兰危机后，顿涅茨克、卢甘斯克宣布 “独立”，随后与乌克兰政府军爆发冲突，2022 年俄乌战争全面爆发后，该地区成为主战场之一。

（二）战争影响（War Impact）

• 基础设施损毁：哈尔科夫（乌克兰第二大城市，人口约 140 万）的火车站（2022 年 3 月遭炮击，候车大厅损毁）、哈尔科夫国立大学（1805 年建校，图书馆被炸毁，损失 150 万册藏书）、顿涅茨克机场（2014-2015 年激战导致跑道、航站楼完全损毁，成为 “世界最危险机场”）；截至 2024 年，乌东地区约 40% 的道路、30% 的桥梁、60% 的供电设施无法正常使用。

  (Infrastructure damage: Kharkiv (Ukraine’s second largest city, with a population of about 1.4 million) Railway Station (shelled in March 2022, waiting hall damaged), Kharkiv National University (founded in 1805, library bombed, 1.5 million books lost), Donetsk Airport (fierce battles in 2014-2015 caused complete damage to runways and terminals, becoming the “world’s most dangerous airport”). As of 2024, about 40% of roads, 30% of bridges, and 60% of power supply facilities in eastern Ukraine are unavailable.)

• 民生困境：约 150 万居民流离失所（其中 80 万前往乌克兰西部，70 万前往俄罗斯），哈尔科夫、顿涅茨克等城市的居民面临粮食短缺（依赖国际援助，每人每日口粮约 0.5 公斤）、冬季供暖不足（2023-2024 年冬季，约 70% 的居民家中温度低于 10℃）、医疗资源匮乏（仅 30% 的医院能提供基础诊疗服务，药品库存不足正常需求的 50%）；联合国儿童基金会数据显示，乌东地区 80% 的儿童出现焦虑、抑郁等心理问题。

  (Livelihood difficulties: About 1.5 million residents are displaced (800,000 to western Ukraine, 700,000 to Russia). Residents in cities such as Kharkiv and Donetsk face food shortages (relying on international aid, about 0.5 kg of rations per person per day), insufficient heating in winter (about 70% of residents’ homes have temperatures below 10℃ in the 2023-2024 winter), and lack of medical resources (only 30% of hospitals can provide basic medical services, and drug inventory is less than 50% of normal demand). According to UNICEF data, 80% of children in eastern Ukraine have psychological problems such as anxiety and depression.)

• 经济冲击：顿巴斯煤田产量较战前下降 90%，克里沃罗格钢铁厂（欧洲最大钢铁厂之一）停产，乌东地区工业产值 2023 年同比下降 55%；农业受地雷污染影响（约 1.2 万平方公里农田被布雷，占乌东耕地面积的 30%），小麦产量仅为战前的 20%，大量粮食无法收割或运输。

六、文化传统与国际关联（Cultural Traditions and International Connections）

（一）文化特色（Cultural Characteristics）

• 传统服饰：女性服饰以刺绣衬衫（“维什维纳”，Vyshyvanka）为核心，领口、袖口绣有植物图案（象征生命与丰收），搭配彩色围裙与头巾；男性服饰为白色亚麻衬衫、灯笼裤，外搭麂皮马甲，脚穿皮靴（适合骑马）。

  (Traditional costumes: Women’s costumes are centered on embroidered shirts (“Vyshyvanka”), with plant patterns (symbolizing life and harvest) embroidered on collars and cuffs, paired with colorful aprons and headscarves. Men’s costumes are white linen shirts, knickerbockers, paired with suede vests and leather boots (suitable for horse riding).)

• 节日与饮食：谢肉节（每年 2 月底 - 3 月初，为期 7 天，最后一天焚烧稻草人象征告别冬天）、复活节（彩蛋装饰是重要习俗，用蜡绘、刺绣等工艺制作）；传统美食包括罗宋汤（甜菜根熬制，搭配牛肉、土豆）、萨洛（腌制猪肉脂肪，搭配黑面包）、瓦列尼（水果馅糯米糕，节日必备）。

  (Festivals and food: Maslenitsa (late February-early March every year, lasting 7 days, burning a scarecrow on the last day to symbolize saying goodbye to winter), Easter (painted eggs are an important custom, made with wax painting, embroidery and other crafts). Traditional foods include borscht (boiled with beetroot, paired with beef and potatoes), salo (salted pork fat, paired with black bread), and varenyky (glutinous rice cakes with fruit filling, a must for festivals).)

（二）国际关系（International Relations）

• 欧盟与北约：1998 年提出 “入欧” 目标，2022 年 6 月获得欧盟候选国地位；1994 年加入北约 “和平伙伴关系计划”，2023 年 9 月正式提交加入北约申请，但因北约 “成员国领土完整” 原则（需解决克里米亚、乌东争议），短期内难以实现入约。

  (EU and NATO: Proposed the “EU accession” goal in 1998, and obtained EU candidate status in June 2022. Joined NATO’s “Partnership for Peace” program in 1994, and formally submitted an application to join NATO in September 2023. However, due to NATO’s “member state territorial integrity” principle (needing to resolve the disputes over Crimea and eastern Ukraine), it is difficult to join in the short term.)

• 国际援助：截至 2024 年，欧盟累计向乌克兰提供约 800 亿欧元援助（包括经济援助、军事援助），美国提供约 750 亿美元援助；联合国成立 “乌克兰危机人道主义响应计划”，累计筹集约 50 亿美元，用于提供粮食、药品、临时住所等援助。

  (International aid: As of 2024, the EU has provided a total of about 80 billion euros in aid to Ukraine (including economic aid and military aid), and the United States has provided about 75 billion US dollars in aid. The United Nations established the “Ukraine Crisis Humanitarian Response Plan”, raising a total of about 5 billion US dollars for providing food, medicine, temporary housing and other aid.)

（注：文档部分内容可能由 AI 生成）