托福听力35-1
1.原文是student and a counselor的conversation。这里的counselor有点像国内导员的职责,但是干的活会更多些,比如文内的part-time job
先理一遍生词/怪词:check the class schedules of potential applicants:applicant指的是a person who makes a formal application for something, especially a job。有点像我们国内的申请人,但是我们不会讲potential申请人,这里觉得理解为合适的应聘者可能会好一点(另外,这个是application不是application);
students in good standing:standing直译可不是站着,指的是声誉。这里由于前文说的是学生,指的是“状态良好”、“记录良好”或“符合规定”
generalist直接翻译是多面手,这个translate很让人confused。他跟general是一个词根,结合前文的话,这里是这个counselor在夸student 可以manage with such a heavy class load。所以这里说的是一个人会很多东西,硬要翻译的话我觉得 样样通 比较合适
terrific:有wonderful的感觉;
Staffer:这个词我感觉听出来是懵的,感觉像是suffer了些什么不好的事情。实际上是staff的复数:
staff:all the people employed by a particular organization
staffer:a member of the staff of an organization, especially of a newspaper
理一下文章讲什么:
一开始说roommate works at the dining hall,然后她也要找,但是got filled a couple days ago
但是女的还是要找,然后这两个人唠嗑上了:counselor夸她heavy class load+generalist
然后开始解决方案:Visualization Project:help professorsturn information into something their students can see
然后就是具体展开做什么:1.Graphs of economic trends2.put together some of their research data and model
最后counselor给了calling number
1.问conversation mainly about
这里就很坑了,最开始女的是在找dining hall的工作,但是counselor薯片filled了,推荐了一个Visualization Project的,最后男的说给calling number,女的来了句Oh, would you?To think I came in just hoping to get something in the dining hall!直接听要是不仔细,会理解成只想要dining hall!,然后就会快乐踩坑到b。事实上原文Oh, would you?是很惊喜的语气,这里是希望得到这个的(要不然前文也不会就这这个讲了那么久)
另外,本文问的是conversation mainly about,所以自然就应该是那个Visualization Project的内容,对应d
a.是中间男的对女的的夸,不是mainly
c.完全曲解意思
2.问这个man对professors的态度,这个暗藏在介绍Visualization Project里面,a直接出,没有迷惑的
bcd都是歪曲原文
3.还是关于Visualization Project的
a.未提及
b.Presentations of data in ways对应的就展开的第一个内容,ways里面包含Graph,map等,正确
c.还是一个意思,就是原文里面的东西
d.Training未提及
很可惜这里我踩坑了,为什么呢:第一下选了c,然后看b感觉太笼统了,对自己听的不自信,就干了个a上去
4.staff members就是原文里面Staffer的同义改写
a.这里说wide variety of academic topic,符合原文说的要搞各种Visualization,正确
b.这里的often指的是工作的频度,矛盾,原文说的是flexible,对应c选项:times of their own choosing
d.未提及from many different parts of the world
5.问男的这句话什么意思STUDENT: I-I’m not afraid of hard work.
COUNSELOR:I guess not!
这里有点绕,这里男的意思是认为女的说的对,那为什么用not呢,因为英语里面是要接着说话人的肯定/否定的
所以选b
35-3
1.edible可食用的;contest这里不是比赛,是对什么有争议,异议的意思;“Barley husks” 指的是大麦籽粒最外层的、不可食用的保护性外壳,这里husk是壳,Barley是大麦,不是什么副词词性,听得时候真的很像一个名词前面接了一个副词,然后直接懵掉,但是后文也有对这个进行解释说明:Barley was the main type of grain that grew in this area.;sedentism定居化,指人群逐步降低移动性,并最终在某个地方全年固定居住的发展过程。stone mortar:Earliest tools used for grinding and milling;rodent:翻译上是啮齿动物,但是从来没有细想过这个是什么。这个语境下指的是最主要指的是老鼠、耗子这类会偷吃和污染储存谷物的害虫
那么接下来理一下这个lecture在讲什么:
最开始提出一个frustrating:theories are constantly evolving,这个constantly evolving可能会懵一下:不断进化?下一句其实也展开解释了:theory that has been accepted for many years may suddenly be called into question。然后又再继续接着这个讲:①Earlier finds be re-examined② looks in a different way=has a different idea
接下来就是具体例子部分:permanent settlements。(ps.我permanent辨识有问题,导致后面一大段白给)
紧跟着的是两个定义,这两个要是音没get到后面会都是懵的:
Levant是这个settlements的area name,Natufians是在这里settle down的人群name
接下来就开始介绍:15,000 years ago: Natufian:sedentary lifestyle。这里的sedentary lifestyle和前文的permanent settlement同义替换
原文这里为了防止听不懂,又干了一个解释:stopped being nomadic
这里要总结一下:permanent settlement=sedentary lifestyle=stopped being nomadic,这三个后文都会交替出现,我觉得这个是本文的一个很大的障碍
接下来解释为什么会进入settlement:abundance of edible plants and animals,简单说就是有稳定充足食物
然后后面的anyway又变了:climatic cooling→negative effect:availability of food→ revert to a nomadic lifestyle=×settlement=×sedentary lifestyle
然后又变了:climate warmed again→food abundant→sedentary=settlement=×nomadic
接下来进入evidence部分:structures:store grain
reasons:有barley husks;floors是elevated
接下来学生问是不是changed了,教授开始给反方观点了:是关于criteria(to identify permanent settlements)的:
1. lack of grain remnants in earlier structures
2.only one of these so-called storage structures→not enough
→新conclusion:not stay all year-round
但是又来转折了:
sites里面有artifacts、mortars→sedendary
反方:materials used to make the stone mortars did originally come from quite a distance

说白了就是在说一个n开头的人不停在permanent settlement=sedentary lifestyle=stopped being nomadic还是nomadic lifestyle=×settlement=×sedentary lifestyle徘徊
然后从store food和materials上两个正反观点
看题目:
1.问mainly about;
a.for building shelters未提及
b.正确,就是各种evidence徘徊来徘徊去
c.没有提到different hunter-gatherer societies,这里自始至终只有Natufian这个人;climate change是关于到底settle不settle down的,和这个选项无关
d.development未提及
2.细节题,问关于Natufians who lived 15,000 years ago的theory;这个就是整个lecture里面讨论到底settle不settle down的theory,直接对应d
a.moved into the eastern Mediterranean region直接乱讲,原文关于Mediterranean region是在介绍Natufians的时候,说是Mediterranean附近那块的
b.advanced hunting tools对应到第二个角度的artifacts,但是这个是论据不是论点
c.crops对应到第一个角度的store structure,是论据不是论点
3.题干climate change是第一个角度的内容,问怎么affect the Natufian。回想原文直接对应ab。如果这里没听到很可能在abc三选一懵结构。实际上就是这么直接
a.earlier lifestyle指的是nomadic,与原文对应
b.settle in centralized villages就是settlement了
c.原文没有说other than barley,barley说的是warming之后settlement之后发现(种植的)东西,这个是对的。但是没有说种other。other是在反方观点质疑到底是不是用于barley提到的
d.未提及
4.floors of excavated structures是第一个点里面支持sedentary的观点,看选项
a.high level of technology未提及
b.未提及
c.正确,原文说是为了防止rodent
d.目的错误

5.问not sedentary的evidence:反方观点
a.No tools for grinding grain错了:原文提到的mortar就是
bcd都提到了Circular structures,要回忆下出处:他们的用途是store grain,结合原文知道bc正确,c未提及
6.bc很明显不对,a不是professor要表达的,d就是前句说的

35-4
生词:tapestry:说白了就是装饰性的毛毯地毯,当年在东京上野某博物馆看过,确实很震撼,这个词要是不会也没关系,第一次出现的下一句就跟了个use something that was made to hang on a wall
firsthand account:一手材料、一手记述。这里的account不是bank account,是“叙述”、“描述”或“陈述”,指的是一种对事件、经历或情况的书面或口头的报告、记录或描写;
bishop主教;
conqueror:征服者;
eyewitnesses:目击证人,目击者;
throne:王位;

来到了最令人讨厌的European history
分析原文:
一开始意图很明确,老师喊学生来的,关于outline,concerned:source:tapestry(firsthand account)
插入一段对这个tapestry的展开:70 meters long+embroiderers to sew all words and images
展开完回来说这个source是controversial:正(prof):incomplete;反(stu):有historians have relied on it to help them interpret the events leading up to the invasion用过;正(prof):commissioned是church的bishop,但是这个bishop和William有关系:Conqueror's half brother;反(stu): eyewitnesses alive;正(prof):reason for the battle: who was the rightful heir to the throne→if:Conqueror's brother is the one who's commissioned;then:words and images不客观
说白了就是针对一个tapestry展开了3轮的battle,这里我的问题在哪里呢?在于这个tapestry以及里面bishop这些没听清,整个逻辑脉络没有get到
1.问对话目的
a.previous class未提及
b.resource只能想到这里说的tapestry,但是是stu找到,不是prodrecommend的
c.是说outline有问题,不是说给stu个steps
d.正确
2.abd未提及,c在prof见面stu的时候就说了
3.问学生的观点,关于Tapestry an important historical document
a.English king未提及,king只能定位到throne,但是不是England的
b.正确,这个是stu反驳教授的opinion
cd.未提及
4.tapestry的condition
a.miss对应原文的lost,正确
b.original condition不对,都已经有pieces lost了
c.原文只是教授怀疑,并不是一定
d.未提及
5.为什么提到bishop
a.未提及
b.正确,weaknesses在原文具体是说是brother
c.survived未提及
d.pay for有两个意思,付钱和付出代价,这里无论哪个意思都未提及
35-5
又来到了害死人的Renaissance(Italian)环节
生词:masterpieces杰作
grossly=Very=extremely
reed茅草;mat垫子;thin reed mat薄的茅草垫
whitish灰白的;
apprentices学徒;
看文章讲了什么:
最开始教授就直接干了个our discussion巴拉巴拉,感觉听的时候压力直接上来,因为很可能涉及到第一题。但是这个实际上最重要的是discussion would be grossly incomplete without talking about frescoes:这里相当于绕了几个弯,后面要讲的就是这个fresco,和canvas and on wood根本无关
接下来下定义:Frescoes是paintings done on the interiors of buildings-on walls and ceilings
然后对这个Frescoes展开唠了一下1.ancient Romans and ancient Roman时候就有了,不是Renaissance被invented的2.fresco在Italian里面就是fresh的意思(不得不说音确实像)
接下来说回这个(Back then):1.irregular surfaces=×smooth2.×waterproof
→引出frescoes needed to be prepared before:
1.wall→additional layer:thin reed mats→fresco;→smooth&protection from moisture
2.wall→additional layer:thin reed mats→plaster→fresco
3.wall→additional layer:plaster→fresco
接下来介绍plaster:whitish kind of paste-a mixture of lime, water, and sand(这里其实不重要:plaster是什么不重要,重要的是后面它能干什么)→spread plaster on a surface, it'll harden-like cement
→抛出问题:(how)Finishing painting before the plaster dried
接下来扯了一嘴为什么fresco发展:1.erected as symbols of wealth and power2.wanted decorated on the inside as well as the outside→ reflect their own affluence and prestige
然后又开始throw problem了:artistic genius producing a masterpiece in total solitude?small√Renaissance:collaboration:assistants(apprentices)

看题目:
1.mainly discuss
a.inspired main theme没有提到,唯一有提到的可能是What inspired the development of Renaissance frescoes
b.Techniques指的是plaster,正确
c.没有提到restored ancient fresco
d.没有提及Different technique,indoor and outdoor原文里面是说outdoor装饰完了之后,indoor也有了装饰需求
2.为什么提及ancient Romans
a.did not paint the walls and ceilings未提及,没有涉及对比
b.they first made the term “fresco” popular错误,这个的主体是Renaissance之后
c.正确
d.introduce an difference错
3.问关于reed mat,这个出现在additional layer处
a.comfortable area未提及
b.prevent moisture正确
c.cold season未提及
d.smooth surface for the application of plaster正确
4.问关于buildings的,这个藏在文中说的关于为什么fresco发展部分:
a.完全对应上
b.designed by teams of engineer未提及
c.未提及
d.频度未提及
5.artistic geniuses worked in solitude定位到差不多最后prof对一个人画的质疑
a.support among today’s scholar错误,原文是说反的
b.人名大概率不会记忆,实际上这个是反
c.没有提及到Renaissance period和today的比较
d.正确
6.问这个process,定位到最后一个部分
a.took hundreds of years to complete错误,原文提到这个说的是如果没有assistant,就要100+y,不是说真的took hundreds of years to complete
b.entirely错误
c.independently of错,是有artist参与的
d.正确

35-6Earth science
生词:wipe out:To destroy something completely
mascon质量聚集:concentration of denser material below the surface of the moon or other body, causing a local increase in gravitational pull.
slam into猛击:crash into something with a lot of force

看原文:
关于asteroid:wiped out dinosaurs
最开始教授是提问了下,让stu说这个asteroid→dinosaur distinction,然后prof又引出说还有一个earlier extinction:Permian extinction(二叠纪)
接下来开始介绍这个Permian之前:
just one big continent:climate warmed up→species diversify→life diverse
接下来找evidence:impact crater:
(学生打断说textbook:1.decline in seawater oxygen2.volcanic eruption)
prof说发现了mass concentration=mascon:molten rock from deep below the surface to rise up into the impact area
然后扯到了moon:mascon's density causes a small increase in the local gravity→be measured and mapped by orbiting spacecraft
但是回到地球:not certaincaused by the impact of an asteroid,但是gravity anomaly similar to those on the Moon
然后进入一个新问题:Did it happen 250 million years ago→end of the Permian period
evidence:drill down×,但是:另外一个地方rock samples是extraterrestrial origin:show the effects of extreme temperatures and pressures- the level of extremes produced only by an impact
实际上感觉东西是没说完的···
看问题
1.mainly discuss:
a.不是关于dinosaurs,是关于Permian(caused dinosaurs distinct)
b.methods for gathering evidence错误,原文只是在说了两个possible evidence
c.link未提及,只是分别说了两个evidence
d.正确
2.问begin looking for evidence that an asteroid may have caused
a.Moon只是用来类比的,错
b.found rock samples是evidence的一部分,不是begin的动机
c.正确
d.是stu的质疑,无关
3.问为什么提bump on the head,这里是在讲mass concentration时候引出的一个例子
a.正确
b.supercontinent broke apart未提及
c.relationship错误
d.未提及
4.问Wilkes Land为什么可以是evidence,这个Wilkes Land是第一个evidence的内容
a.ring of ice containing a high concentration of oxygen未提及
b.less dense than normal未提及
c.Extraterrestrial是第二个的,并且lying below the ice也没有验证
d.正确
5.问关于Bedout High near Australia,是第二个evidence
a.similarity没有提及
b.都是用来佐证Permian extinction的,正确
c.temperatures and pressure正确
d.未提及
6.定位到学生质疑textbook和prof说的不一样的地方,prof说那个只是个theory
a.assignments未提及
b.statement在这里指的就是only theory
c.not provided sufficient evidence错误,这里就没扯到要stu拿evidence
d.only reasonable explanation未提及

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