基础

1. hello,world is the first example in learning almost any programming language，and Rust is no exception, However, it differs in that a project written in Rust should ideally have its own directory.

$ mkdir helloWorld
$ cd helloWorld

we create a new file named main.rs(rs is the file extension for Rust source code files) , and add the following code to it.

fn main() {
    println!("你好，世界!");
}

$ rustc main.rs
$ ./main
你好，世界!

2. as a Rust programmer, you should be familar with the cargo, the Rust toolkit. cargo is reponsible for managing packages and building project,especially when you are working on large-scale coding tasks .
   although the hello,world project does not seem complex, we can still use cargo to manage it to form good habits.

PS E:\learn\rust> cargo new hello
    Creating binary (application) `hello` package
note: see more `Cargo.toml` keys and their definitions at https://doc.rust-lang.org/cargo/reference/manifest.html
PS E:\learn\rust> cd hello
PS E:\learn\rust\hello>

there are two files and one directory,The directory is named src and is created by Cargo by default. It contains only the source file main.rs.

PS E:\learn\rust\hello> ls

    Directory: E:\learn\rust\hello

Mode                 LastWriteTime         Length Name
----                 -------------         ------ ----
d----           2025/9/14     7:41                src
-a---           2025/9/14     7:41              8 .gitignore
-a---           2025/9/14     7:41             76 Cargo.toml

PS E:\learn\rust\hello>

PS E:\learn\rust\hello> ls src

    Directory: E:\learn\rust\hello\src

Mode                 LastWriteTime         Length Name
----                 -------------         ------ ----
-a---           2025/9/14     7:41             45 main.rs

.gitignore 文件的功能是:在项目中创建或修改的文件和目录，只要符合 .gitignore 文件中定义的规则，Git 就会完全无视它们。
Cargo.toml 是 Rust 项目的清单文件（Manifest File）。它定义了 Rust 包（在 Rust 中称为 Crate）的所有元信息、依赖项、构建配置等。

• [package] 表 - 定义包信息
• [dependencies] 表 - 定义依赖项
• [dev-dependencies] 表 - 定义开发依赖
• [build-dependencies] 表 - 定义构建依赖
• [features] 表 - 定义条件编译特性
• [lib] 和 [[bin]] 表 - 定义库和二进制目标
• [profile] 表 - 自定义编译配置

下面是一个完整的例子

[package]
name = "web-scraper"
version = "0.2.1"
edition = "2021"
authors = ["Jane Developer <jane@example.com>", "John Contributor <john@contributor.com>"]
description = "A fast and efficient web scraping tool that extracts data from websites"
license = "MIT OR Apache-2.0"
readme = "README.md"
repository = "https://github.com/janedev/web-scraper"
homepage = "https://github.com/janedev/web-scraper"
documentation = "https://docs.rs/web-scraper"
keywords = ["scraping", "web", "html", "async", "cli"]
categories = ["command-line-utilities", "web-programming", "api-tools"]
default-run = "web-scraper"  # 指定默认运行的二进制名称

# 项目的 Rust 版本要求
rust-version = "1.70"

[dependencies]
# 异步 HTTP 客户端
reqwest = { version = "0.11", features = ["json", "stream"] }
# HTML 解析库
scraper = "0.16"
# 异步运行时
tokio = { version = "1.32", features = ["full"] }
# 命令行参数解析
clap = { version = "4.4", features = ["derive"] }
# 序列化/反序列化
serde = { version = "1.0", features = ["derive"] }
serde_json = "1.0"
# 错误处理
anyhow = "1.0"
thiserror = "1.0"
# 日志记录
log = "0.4"
env_logger = "0.10"
# 正则表达式（可选功能）
regex = { version = "1.10", optional = true }
# 进度条显示
indicatif = { version = "0.17", optional = true }

[dev-dependencies]
# 测试框架
tokio-test = "0.4"
# 测试断言
assertables = "6.0"
# 模拟 HTTP 响应
wiremock = "0.5"
# 临时文件处理
tempfile = "3.8"

[build-dependencies]
# 构建时生成版本信息
vergen = "8.0"

[features]
default = ["regex", "progress-bar"]
# 正则表达式支持
regex = ["dep:regex"]  # 显式启用 regex 依赖
# 进度条支持
progress-bar = ["dep:indicatif"]
# 所有功能
full = ["regex", "progress-bar"]
# 最小化功能（无可选依赖）
minimal = []

# 为特定平台设置依赖或特性
[target.'cfg(unix)'.dependencies]
nix = "0.27"

[[bin]]
name = "web-scraper"
path = "src/main.rs"
# 设置二进制文件的元数据（用于包管理器）
[package.metadata.deb]
maintainer-scripts = "debian"

# 性能优化配置
[profile.release]
lto = true
codegen-units = 1
panic = "abort"

[profile.bench]
debug = true

# 工作区配置（如果这是一个工作区根目录）
[workspace]
members = [
    "crates/*",
    "examples/*"
]
resolver = "2"

# 包发布设置
[package.metadata.docs.rs]
all-features = true
targets = ["x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu"]

# 自定义工具配置
[package.metadata.clippy]
all-targets = false

# 别名设置（Cargo 命令别名）
[alias]
b = "build"
t = "test"
rr = "run --release"
ci-test = "test --all-features --no-fail-fast"

命令cargo build编译项目，命令cargo run 运行项目

references

1. https://www.rust-lang.org/learn/
2. deepseek