从零到日常主力的 Linux:发行版选择、聪明安装与命令行生存 Linux From Zero to Daily Driver: Choosing a Distro, Installing Smart
Linux 回报的是一致性:选对默认、记录配置、把可重复步骤自动化。最好的发行版,是那个你能持续更新、做好备份并真正理解的系统。从小处开始,常做快照,在真实任务中扩展工具箱。
Linux From Zero to Daily Driver: Choosing a Distro, Installing Smartly, and Surviving the Command Line
从零到日常主力的 Linux:发行版选择、聪明安装与命令行生存
Linux looks vast from the outside; up close, it’s a set of practical habits.
远观 Linux 博大精深,近看不过是一套可操作的习惯。
This guide walks you from choosing a distribution to a minimal, reliable setup for study, servers, and home routing companions—without diving into kernel compilation or deep tuning.
这份指南将带你从发行版选择到面向学习、服务器和家用路由伴侣的最小可用方案,全程不涉及内核编译或深度调优。
1) What “Linux” Means in Practice
1)实践里“Linux”究竟是什么
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Linux is the kernel; a distribution adds package management, defaults, and community policies.
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Linux 是内核;发行版在此之上提供包管理、默认配置和社区策略。
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Your daily stability depends more on the distro’s choices (init system, packaging, release model) than on the kernel brand.
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日常稳定性更多取决于发行版的选择(初始化系统、打包方式、发布模型),而非“内核品牌”。
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Picking a distro is choosing a maintenance style and update cadence you can live with.
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选择发行版,本质上是选择你能长期坚持的维护方式与更新节奏。
2) Distro Choices: Trade‑offs That Actually Matter
2)发行版选择:真正重要的取舍
Ubuntu (Debian-based, apt, time-based releases)
Ubuntu(基于 Debian,apt,时间节奏发布)
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Pros: Big ecosystem, abundant docs, good hardware support, LTS releases are predictable.
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优点:生态庞大、文档丰富、硬件支持好,LTS 版本可预期。
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Cons: Some packages lag; Snap controversy for desktop users.
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缺点:部分包滞后;桌面端对 Snap 的分歧。
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Best for: Beginners, desktops, servers needing stable LTS.
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适用:初学者、桌面使用、需要稳定 LTS 的服务器。
Debian (apt, conservative, rock-solid)
Debian(apt,保守,坚如磐石)
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Pros: Stability, reproducibility, minimal surprises.
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优点:稳定、可复现、少惊喜。
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Cons: Older packages; you may need backports or containers for newer stacks.
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缺点:软件较旧;新栈常要 backports 或容器。
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Best for: Servers valuing stability, minimalism aficionados.
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适用:重稳定的服务器、极简主义者。
CentOS Stream / AlmaLinux / Rocky (RHEL ecosystem, dnf/yum)
CentOS Stream / AlmaLinux / Rocky(RHEL 生态,dnf/yum)
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Pros: RHEL-compatible, strong server behaviors, long support windows.
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优点:与 RHEL 兼容、良好服务器特性、支持周期长。
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Cons: Stream is rolling‑preview; choose Alma/Rocky for classic stability.
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缺点:Stream 偏滚动预览;追求传统稳定可选 Alma/Rocky。
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Best for: Enterprise‑like servers, consistency across fleets.
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适用:类企业服务器、需要大规模一致性。
Arch Linux (rolling, pacman, DIY ethos)
Arch Linux(滚动更新,pacman,动手自建)
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Pros: Latest packages, excellent docs (Arch Wiki), full control.
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优点:包更新快、文档一流(Arch Wiki)、高度可控。
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Cons: Rolling risks; requires attention, backups, and willingness to fix breakages.
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缺点:滚动有风险;需要关注、备份与修复意愿。
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Best for: Learners who like tinkering; power users on personal machines.
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适用:喜欢折腾的学习者;个人设备的进阶用户。
Fedora (rpm, fast but curated)
Fedora(rpm,快但有策展)
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Pros: New tech lands early, yet with good QA and defaults.
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优点:新技术落地早,但 QA 与默认配置佳。
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Cons: Shorter support per release; requires regular upgrades.
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缺点:单版本支持期短;需要定期升级。
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Best for: Desktop developers who want fresh but sane.
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适用:想要“新但不乱”的桌面开发者。
OpenSUSE Leap/Tumbleweed (zypper, snapshots)
OpenSUSE Leap/Tumbleweed(zypper,快照)
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Pros: Snapper + Btrfs snapshots, YaST tools, Tumbleweed is high‑quality rolling.
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优点:Snapper+Btrfs 快照、YaST 工具、Tumbleweed 高质量滚动。
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Cons: Ecosystem smaller; learning YaST/zypper curve.
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缺点:生态较小;需适应 YaST/zypper。
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Best for: Users valuing snapshots and admin tooling.
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适用:重视快照与管理工具的用户。
3) How to Choose: A Simple Decision Flow
3)如何选择:一个简单决策流
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Need stable servers with RHEL compatibility? Choose AlmaLinux or Rocky.
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需要 RHEL 兼容且稳定的服务器?选 AlmaLinux 或 Rocky。
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Want a mainstream desktop with LTS and strong community? Ubuntu LTS.
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想要主流桌面、LTS、社区强?Ubuntu LTS。
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Prefer conservative stability and minimalism? Debian stable.
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喜欢保守稳定与极简?Debian stable。
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Want rolling with great docs and full control? Arch (with backups).
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想要滚动、文档好、完全可控?Arch(配合备份)。
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Prefer curated freshness with easy upgrades? Fedora Workstation.
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想要策展式新鲜且易升级?Fedora Workstation。
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Need snapshots as safety net? OpenSUSE (Leap for stable, Tumbleweed for rolling).
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需要快照安全网?OpenSUSE(Leap 稳定,Tumbleweed 滚动)。
4) Installation Methods: Bare Metal, VM, WSL, Dual‑Boot
4)安装方式:裸机、虚拟机、WSL、双系统
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Bare metal: Best performance and hardware access; plan backups and dual‑boot risks.
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裸机:性能与硬件访问最佳;注意备份与双启动风险。
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Virtual machine (VirtualBox/VMware/QEMU): Safe sandbox; snapshot before experiments.
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虚拟机(VirtualBox/VMware/QEMU):安全沙箱;实验前做快照。
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WSL (Windows Subsystem for Linux): Great for dev tools on Windows; limited kernel control; GUI via WSLg.
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WSL(Windows 子系统):适合在 Windows 下用开发工具;内核控制受限;GUI 可用 WSLg。
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Dual‑boot: Full native experience next to Windows/macOS; mind bootloader and BitLocker.
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双系统:与 Windows/macOS 并存的原生体验;注意引导器与 BitLocker。
5) Disk Partitioning and Filesystems: Sensible First Plan
5)磁盘分区与文件系统:理性的初始规划
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Filesystems: ext4 (safe default), Btrfs (snapshots, subvolumes), XFS (servers, large files), ZFS (if supported, great integrity).
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文件系统:ext4(安全默认)、Btrfs(快照与子卷)、XFS(服务器/大文件)、ZFS(如支持,完整性强)。
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For beginners: ext4 for root + separate /home; swap as file or partition (hibernation needs partition).
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对新手:root 用 ext4 + 单独 /home;swap 用文件或分区(休眠需分区)。
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For snapshot lovers: Btrfs with subvolumes (@, @home) and Snapper/Timeshift.
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喜爱快照者:使用 Btrfs 子卷(@、@home)配合 Snapper/Timeshift。
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Suggested sizes:
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建议大小:
- EFI: 300–550 MB (FAT32).
- EFI:300–550 MB(FAT32)。
- root: 30–60 GB for desktops (more if Docker/SDKs).
- root:桌面 30–60 GB(Docker/SDK 多则加大)。
- home: remainder for user data.
- home:其余给用户数据。
- swap: 2–8 GB; equal to RAM if you really need hibernation.
- swap:2–8 GB;强需求休眠则等同内存。
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LVM: Nice for resizing; not mandatory but helpful on servers.
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LVM:利于弹性调整;非必需,但服务器上有益。
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Encryption: LUKS for laptops; protect data at rest with a strong passphrase.
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加密:笔记本建议 LUKS;用强口令保护静态数据。
6) Package Managers and Repositories
6)包管理与软件源
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Debian/Ubuntu: apt, apt-get, dpkg; PPAs extend repos; prefer official and backports.
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Debian/Ubuntu:apt、apt-get、dpkg;PPA 可扩展;优先官方与 backports。
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RHEL family: dnf/yum, rpm; EPEL adds community packages.
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RHEL 家族:dnf/yum、rpm;EPEL 提供社区软件。
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Arch: pacman; AUR via helpers (yay, paru) but review PKGBUILDs.
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Arch:pacman;AUR 可用 yay/paru,但要审 PKGBUILD。
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OpenSUSE: zypper; use official, Packman for codecs.
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OpenSUSE:zypper;优先官方,Packman 供编解码器。
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Fedora: dnf; COPR is community build farm—trust selectively.
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Fedora:dnf;COPR 是社区构建平台——选择性信任。
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Golden rules: one package manager per system; avoid mixing repos blindly; pin or hold critical versions when needed.
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黄金法则:一系统只用一套包管理;别盲目混源;关键组件必要时做版本固定或 hold。
7) Command Line Survival Kit
7)命令行生存工具包
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Navigation: pwd, ls -lah, cd -, pushd/popd; use tab completion and history (Ctrl‑r).
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导航:pwd、ls -lah、cd -、pushd/popd;善用 Tab 补全与历史(Ctrl‑r)。
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File ops: cp -a, mv, rm -i, mkdir -p, rsync -aHAXP.
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文件操作:cp -a、mv、rm -i、mkdir -p、rsync -aHAXP。
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Search: grep -R, ripgrep (rg), find -type f -mtime -1.
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搜索:grep -R、ripgrep(rg)、find -type f -mtime -1。
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System info: uname -a, lsb_release -a, neofetch, lscpu, lsblk, df -h, free -h.
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系统信息:uname -a、lsb_release -a、neofetch、lscpu、lsblk、df -h、free -h。
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Processes: ps aux, top/htop, kill/kill -9, systemctl --user.
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进程:ps aux、top/htop、kill/kill -9、systemctl --user。
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Networking: ip a, ip r, ss -tulpn, dig, curl -I, ping, traceroute.
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网络:ip a、ip r、ss -tulpn、dig、curl -I、ping、traceroute。
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Packages: apt/dnf/pacman/zypper search/install/update; apt-cache policy; dnf repolist.
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软件包:apt/dnf/pacman/zypper 的 search/install/update;apt-cache policy;dnf repolist。
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Editors: nano for quick edits; vim/neovim for power; micro as friendly alternative.
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编辑器:nano 快改;vim/neovim 高效;micro 也友好。
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Shell superpowers: aliases, functions, ~/.bashrc or ~/.zshrc; direnv for per-project envs.
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Shell 能力:别名、函数、~/.bashrc 或 ~/.zshrc;direnv 管理项目环境。
8) Documentation and Self‑Help
8)文档与自救
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man pages: man ls, man 5 fstab; use / to search, n/N to navigate.
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手册页:man ls、man 5 fstab;用 / 搜索,n/N 导航。
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info and --help: info coreutils, cmd --help for quick flags.
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info 与 --help:info coreutils,cmd --help 快速看参数。
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Distro wikis: Arch Wiki (even for non‑Arch), Debian Wiki, Ubuntu Help, Fedora Docs, OpenSUSE Docs.
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发行版维基:Arch Wiki(即使不用 Arch 也有用)、Debian Wiki、Ubuntu Help、Fedora Docs、OpenSUSE Docs。
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Logs: journalctl -xe, journalctl -u servicename, dmesg -T for kernel messages.
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日志:journalctl -xe、journalctl -u 服务名、dmesg -T 查内核消息。
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Reading configs: less -S, bat -p, grep -nH; track changes with git in /etc.
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阅读配置:less -S、bat -p、grep -nH;用 git 管理 /etc 的变更。
9) Common Pitfalls and Emergency Rollbacks
9)常见坑与应急回退
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Pitfall: Over‑mixing repositories or third‑party scripts.
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常见坑:乱混源或使用来路不明脚本。
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Remedy: Revert to official repos; downgrade or pin; reinstall affected packages.
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应对:恢复官方源;降级或固定;重装受影响包。
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Pitfall: Breaking bootloader with dual‑boot.
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常见坑:双启动引导损坏。
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Remedy: Boot live USB; chroot, reinstall grub; update fstab and efibootmgr entries.
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应对:从 live USB 启动;chroot 重装 grub;更新 fstab 与 efibootmgr 项。
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Pitfall: Rolling updates break after big upgrade.
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常见坑:滚动系统大升级后崩坏。
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Remedy: Use snapshots (Btrfs/Snapper/Timeshift) to roll back; otherwise downgrade key libs.
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应对:利用快照回滚(Btrfs/Snapper/Timeshift);不行则降级关键库。
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Pitfall: Permissions misconfigured.
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常见坑:权限设置错乱。
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Remedy: Check with ls -l, namei -l; restore with chmod/chown; avoid 777.
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应对:用 ls -l、namei -l 检查;用 chmod/chown 恢复;避免 777。
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Pitfall: Network lost after change.
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常见坑:改配置后网络丢失。
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Remedy: Keep a local console; test with ip link set, nmcli; back up /etc/netplan or NetworkManager profiles.
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应对:留本地控制台;用 ip link、nmcli 测试;备份 /etc/netplan 或 NetworkManager 配置。
10) Basic Security: SSH, Updates, Users
10)基础安全:SSH、更新、用户
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Updates: Enable security repos; schedule regular updates; on servers, test in staging first.
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更新:启用安全源;定期更新;在服务器上先在预生产测试。
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SSH: Use key pairs (ed25519), disable password login on exposed servers, change port only as noise, use fail2ban.
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SSH:用密钥对(ed25519),外网服务器禁用口令登录,改端口仅降噪,部署 fail2ban。
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Users: Principle of least privilege; sudo for admin; separate service accounts.
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用户:最小权限原则;用 sudo 管理;服务账户分离。
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Firewall: ufw/firewalld for simple policies; open only necessary ports.
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防火墙:ufw/firewalld 简化策略;只开放必要端口。
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Backups: 3‑2‑1 rule; test restore; encrypt offsite backups.
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备份:3-2-1 原则;演练恢复;异地备份加密。
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Automatic updates: Unattended upgrades (Debian/Ubuntu) or dnf-automatic (RHEL/Fedora) for security patches.
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自动更新:unattended-upgrades(Debian/Ubuntu)或 dnf-automatic(RHEL/Fedora)用于安全补丁。
11) Localization, Timezone, Locale
11)本地化、时区与区域设置
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Timezone: timedatectl set-timezone Asia/Shanghai (or your region).
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时区:timedatectl set-timezone Asia/Shanghai(或你的区域)。
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NTP: systemd-timesyncd or chrony for clock sync; verify with timedatectl.
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NTP:使用 systemd-timesyncd 或 chrony 同步;用 timedatectl 验证。
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Locale: /etc/locale.gen + locale-gen; set LANG/LC_ALL; prefer UTF‑8 (e.g., en_US.UTF-8, zh_CN.UTF-8).
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区域:编辑 /etc/locale.gen 并执行 locale-gen;设置 LANG/LC_ALL;优先 UTF‑8(如 en_US.UTF-8、zh_CN.UTF-8)。
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Input/IME: On desktops, ibus/fcitx for Chinese input; pick one framework and stick to it.
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输入法:桌面端用 ibus/fcitx;选择一种框架并保持一致。
12) Initial Network Configuration
12)网络初始配置
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Desktop: Use NetworkManager GUI; export profiles for backup.
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桌面:使用 NetworkManager 图形工具;导出配置以备份。
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Server: Netplan (Ubuntu) or ifcfg (RHEL) or systemd-networkd; define static IP, gateway, DNS.
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服务器:使用 Netplan(Ubuntu)或 ifcfg(RHEL)或 systemd-networkd;设置静态 IP、网关、DNS。
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Testing: ping gateway, ping 1.1.1.1, then ping domain; check /etc/resolv.conf management.
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测试:先 ping 网关,再 ping 1.1.1.1,最后 ping 域名;检查 /etc/resolv.conf 的管理者。
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Services: Open necessary ports; verify with ss -tulpn and firewall-cmd/ufw status.
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服务:仅开放必要端口;用 ss -tulpn 与 firewall-cmd/ufw status 验证。
13) Minimal Viable Setups for Different Scenarios
13)针对不同场景的最小可用方案
A) Learning and Personal Desktop
A)学习与个人桌面
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Distro: Ubuntu LTS or Fedora Workstation; Arch if you want to learn deeply and accept breakage risk.
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发行版:Ubuntu LTS 或 Fedora Workstation;若接受折腾与风险可选 Arch。
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Install:
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安装:
- Method: Dual‑boot or VM if cautious; bare metal for commitment.
- 方式:谨慎者选双启动或虚拟机;下决心则上裸机。
- Disk: ext4, root 50 GB + separate /home; swap file 4–8 GB.
- 磁盘:ext4,root 50 GB + 独立 /home;swap 文件 4–8 GB。
- Users: Your user with sudo; enable unattended upgrades.
- 用户:创建带 sudo 的用户;启用自动安全更新。
- Apps: Code editor, browser, IME, container runtime (Docker/Podman), Timeshift.
- 应用:代码编辑器、浏览器、输入法、容器运行时(Docker/Podman)、Timeshift。
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Survival tips: Learn package manager basics; use man and the distro wiki; snapshot before big upgrades.
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生存技巧:掌握包管理基础;用 man 与发行版维基;大升级前做快照。
B) General Server (Web/API/DB)
B)通用服务器(Web/API/DB)
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Distro: AlmaLinux/Rocky or Debian stable; Ubuntu LTS if you prefer apt ecosystem.
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发行版:AlmaLinux/Rocky 或 Debian stable;偏爱 apt 生态则选 Ubuntu LTS。
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Install:
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安装:
- Method: Bare metal or cloud image; no GUI.
- 方式:裸机或云镜像;不装 GUI。
- Disk: ext4 or XFS; separate /var if heavy logs; LVM for flexibility.
- 磁盘:ext4 或 XFS;日志重则单独 /var;LVM 提供弹性。
- Security: SSH keys only, fail2ban, firewall minimal open ports, automatic security updates.
- 安全:仅密钥 SSH、fail2ban、防火墙最小开放、自动安全更新。
- Monitoring: journald remote forwarding or lightweight exporters (node_exporter).
- 监控:journald 远转或轻量 exporter(node_exporter)。
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Operations: Use systemd units for services; manage with tmux/screen; backup configs and data nightly.
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运维:以 systemd 管理服务;配合 tmux/screen;每夜备份配置与数据。
C) Home Router Companion / Edge Device
C)家用路由伴侣 / 边缘设备
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Context: A small Linux box next to your router for services (AdGuard Home, NAS sync, Home Assistant).
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场景:路由器旁的小型 Linux 盒子,部署广告屏蔽、NAS 同步、Home Assistant 等。
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Distro: Debian stable or OpenSUSE Leap for stability; Ubuntu Server LTS also fine.
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发行版:Debian stable 或 OpenSUSE Leap 保稳;Ubuntu Server LTS 也可。
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Install:
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安装:
- Method: Bare metal on mini‑PC or VM on NAS; headless setup via SSH.
- 方式:迷你主机裸机或 NAS 上的虚拟机;无头通过 SSH 配置。
- Disk: ext4; small root (20–30 GB) + large data partition for media; consider LUKS if device portable.
- 磁盘:ext4;小根分区(20–30 GB)+ 大数据分区;便携设备考虑 LUKS。
- Network: Static IP or DHCP reservation; mDNS/hostname for discovery.
- 网络:静态 IP 或 DHCP 绑定;用 mDNS/主机名便于发现。
- Services: Containers (Podman/Docker) to isolate apps; compose files under git.
- 服务:容器(Podman/Docker)隔离应用;用 git 管理 compose 文件。
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Safety: Auto‑updates for security only; reboot window scheduled; UPS if critical.
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安全:仅安全自动更新;设定重启窗口;关键设备配 UPS。
14) WSL and Virtualization Tips
14)WSL 与虚拟化提示
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WSL: Use wsl --install for Ubuntu; manage versions; store projects on Linux filesystem for performance.
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WSL:用 wsl --install 安装 Ubuntu;管理版本;项目放在 Linux 文件系统以提升性能。
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GPU/GUI: WSLg supports GUI; CUDA on WSL requires specific drivers.
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GPU/GUI:WSLg 支持 GUI;WSL 上 CUDA 需特定驱动。
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Snapshots: VM snapshots are your time machine; snapshot before kernel or distro major upgrades.
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快照:虚拟机快照是时间机器;在内核或大版本升级前先快照。
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Bridged vs NAT: NAT is safer by default; bridged needed for services reachable on LAN.
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桥接与 NAT:NAT 默认更安全;局域网可达服务需桥接。
15) Update and Upgrade Strategies
15)更新与升级策略
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Desktop: Weekly updates; read release notes for major upgrades; keep Timeshift snapshots.
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桌面:每周更新;大版本前读发行说明;保留 Timeshift 快照。
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Server: Staged rollouts; apply CVE patches quickly; schedule maintenance windows.
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服务器:分批发布;快速应用 CVE 补丁;预留维护窗口。
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Rolling distros: Update frequently (every 1–2 weeks) to avoid massive change sets; follow news feeds.
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滚动发行版:每 1–2 周更新,避免巨量变更;关注发行公告。
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Kernel updates: Reboot when security advisories say so; use live‑patch only if supported and needed.
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内核更新:安全公告要求时重启;仅在支持且确有需求时用 live‑patch。
16) Practical Defaults That Age Well
16)经得起时间考验的实用默认
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ext4 unless you know why you want Btrfs/ZFS.
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除非明确理由,否则用 ext4。
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LTS or stable branches for anything important.
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重要设备用 LTS 或 stable 分支。
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Key‑based SSH, firewall on, minimal open ports.
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SSH 用密钥、开启防火墙、端口最小化开放。
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Separate /home (desktop) or /var (server) for manageability.
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桌面独立 /home,服务器独立 /var,便于管理。
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Use containers for third‑party apps; keep base OS clean.
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第三方应用放容器,保持底层系统干净。
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Monitor disk, memory, and logs; alerts before outages.
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监控磁盘、内存、日志;在宕机前收到告警。
17) A Short Starter Checklist
17)新机短清单
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Update system and firmware; enable security repos.
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更新系统与固件;启用安全源。
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Create user with sudo; disable root SSH login on servers.
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创建带 sudo 的用户;服务器上禁用 root SSH 登录。
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Set timezone/locale; enable NTP; set hostname.
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设置时区/区域;启用 NTP;配置主机名。
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Configure firewall; open only required ports.
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配置防火墙;仅开必要端口。
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Plan backups; test restore; document secrets storage.
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规划备份;演练恢复;记录密钥存放方式。
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Install editor, shell tools, container runtime.
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安装编辑器、命令行工具、容器运行时。
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Snapshot or image baseline after first clean setup.
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初始干净配置完成后做快照或镜像基线。
18) Learning Path Without Overwhelm
18)不焦虑的学习路径
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Week 1: Filesystem navigation, package management, editors, processes.
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第 1 周:文件系统导航、包管理、编辑器、进程。
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Week 2: Services with systemd, logs, basic networking, SSH keys.
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第 2 周:用 systemd 管理服务、日志、基础网络、SSH 密钥。
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Week 3: Users/groups/permissions, simple firewalling, backups.
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第 3 周:用户/组/权限、基础防火墙、备份。
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Week 4: Containers, compose, service hardening basics.
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第 4 周:容器、compose、服务加固基础。
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Ongoing: Read distro release notes; maintain a lab VM for experiments.
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持续:阅读发行说明;保留一台实验用虚拟机。
19) When to Ask for Help—and How
19)何时求助与求助方式
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Ask early when production impact looms; provide logs, exact errors, steps to reproduce, and environment details.
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一旦可能影响生产就尽早求助;附日志、精确错误、复现步骤与环境信息。
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Be specific: “After dnf upgrade on AlmaLinux 9, nginx fails with SELinux denial; audit2why shows …”
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具体描述:“AlmaLinux 9 上 dnf 升级后,nginx 因 SELinux 拒绝失败;audit2why 显示 …”。
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Share sanitized configs; mention recent changes; include output of journalctl -u service and ss -tulpn.
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提供脱敏配置;说明近期变更;附 journalctl -u 服务 与 ss -tulpn 输出。
20) Final Thoughts
20)结语
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Linux rewards consistency: pick sane defaults, document your setup, and automate repeatable steps.
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Linux 回报的是一致性:选对默认、记录配置、把可重复步骤自动化。
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The best distro is the one you keep updated, backed up, and understood.
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最好的发行版,是那个你能持续更新、做好备份并真正理解的系统。
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Start small, snapshot often, and grow your toolkit through real tasks.
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从小处开始,常做快照,在真实任务中扩展工具箱。
Your Turn
轮到你了
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Which distro and setup are you leaning toward, and what’s your use case?
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你更倾向哪款发行版与安装方式?你的使用场景是什么?
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What’s the one topic you want a deep dive on next: filesystems, containers, or service hardening?
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你最想深入哪一块:文件系统、容器,还是服务加固?请在评论区告诉我。
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