网络爬虫的定义

网络爬虫是一种自动化程序，用于从互联网上抓取和提取数据。它通过模拟人类浏览网页的行为，访问目标网站并解析网页内容，将所需信息存储或进一步处理。

网络爬虫的核心组件

HTTP请求模块
爬虫通过发送HTTP请求（GET/POST）获取网页内容，常用工具有Python的requests库或urllib。

解析模块
获取网页后需解析HTML结构，常用工具包括：

• BeautifulSoup：适合初学者，基于标签解析。
• lxml：性能高，支持XPath。
• 正则表达式：灵活但维护成本高。

存储模块
解析后的数据可存储为多种格式：

• 结构化数据：CSV、JSON、数据库（MySQL/MongoDB）。
• 非结构化数据：图片、视频等二进制文件。

爬虫工作流程

1. 种子URL管理
   初始化一个或多个起始URL，放入待爬取队列。

2. 页面下载
   从队列中取出URL，发送HTTP请求获取响应内容。需处理编码（如UTF-8）和状态码（200/404等）。

3. 内容解析
   提取目标数据（如文本、链接），常用方法：

   • CSS选择器：soup.select('div.class')
   • XPath：//div[@class="name"]/text()

4. URL去重与调度
   将新发现的URL加入队列，避免重复爬取。常用去重方法：

   • 哈希表（如Python的set）。
   • 布隆过滤器（大数据场景）。

5. 数据存储
   将清洗后的数据持久化，例如：

   import csv
   with open('data.csv', 'w') as f:
       writer = csv.writer(f)
       writer.writerow(['标题', '价格'])
   

反爬机制与应对策略

常见反爬手段

• User-Agent检测：需伪装浏览器头部信息。
• IP封禁：使用代理IP池（如Scrapy的middleware）。
• 验证码：调用打码平台或OCR识别。

道德与法律注意事项

• 遵守robots.txt协议（如淘宝禁止爬取）。
• 设置爬取间隔（如time.sleep(2)），避免高频请求。
• 避免抓取个人隐私或敏感数据。

示例代码：简单爬虫实现

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以下是一个抓取豆瓣电影Top 250的Python示例：

import requests
from bs4 import BeautifulSoup

url = 'https://movie.douban.com/top250'
headers = {'User-Agent': 'Mozilla/5.0'}
response = requests.get(url, headers=headers)
soup = BeautifulSoup(response.text, 'html.parser')

for item in soup.select('.item'):
    title = item.select_one('.title').text
    rating = item.select_one('.rating_num').text
    print(f'电影：{title}，评分：{rating}')

进阶技术方向

• 动态页面爬取
  使用Selenium或Playwright处理JavaScript渲染的页面。
• 分布式爬虫
  结合Scrapy-Redis实现多节点协作。
• 增量爬取
  通过数据库记录已爬URL，仅抓取更新内容。

通过理解上述原理与实践，可逐步构建高效、稳定的爬虫系统。