在面向对象的概念中，所有的对象都是通过类来描绘的，但是反过来，并不是所有的类都是用来描绘对象的，如果一个类中没有包含足够的信息来描绘一个具体的对象，这样的类就是抽象类。

抽象类除了不能实例化对象之外，类的其它功能依然存在，成员变量、成员方法和构造方法的访问方式和普通类一样。

由于抽象类不能实例化对象，所以抽象类必须被继承，才能被使用。也是因为这个原因，通常在设计阶段决定要不要设计抽象类。

父类包含了子类集合的常见的方法，但是由于父类本身是抽象的，所以不能使用这些方法。

在 Java 中抽象类表示的是一种继承关系，一个类只能继承一个抽象类，而一个类却可以实现多个接口。

---

抽象类

在 Java 语言中使用 abstract class 来定义抽象类。如下实例：

Employee.java 文件代码：

/* 文件名 : Employee.java */ public abstract class Employee { private String name; private String address; private int number; public Employee(String name, String address, int number) { System.out.println("Constructing an Employee"); this.name = name; this.address = address; this.number = number; } public double computePay() { System.out.println("Inside Employee computePay"); return 0.0; } public void mailCheck() { System.out.println("Mailing a check to " + this.name + " " + this.address); } public String toString() { return name + " " + address + " " + number; } public String getName() { return name; } public String getAddress() { return address; } public void setAddress(String newAddress) { address = newAddress; } public int getNumber() { return number; } }

注意到该 Employee 类没有什么不同，尽管该类是抽象类，但是它仍然有 3 个成员变量，7 个成员方法和 1 个构造方法。 现在如果你尝试如下的例子：

AbstractDemo.java 文件代码：

/* 文件名 : AbstractDemo.java */ public class AbstractDemo { public static void main(String [] args) { /* 以下是不允许的，会引发错误 */ Employee e = new Employee("George W.", "Houston, TX", 43); System.out.println("\n Call mailCheck using Employee reference--"); e.mailCheck(); } }

当你尝试编译 AbstractDemo 类时，会产生如下错误：

Employee.java:46: Employee is abstract; cannot be instantiated
      Employee e = new Employee("George W.", "Houston, TX", 43);
                   ^
1 error

---

继承抽象类

我们可以通过以下方式继承 Employee 类的属性：

Salary.java 文件代码：

/* 文件名 : Salary.java */ public class Salary extends Employee { private double salary; //Annual salary public Salary(String name, String address, int number, double salary) { super(name, address, number); setSalary(salary); } public void mailCheck() { System.out.println("Within mailCheck of Salary class "); System.out.println("Mailing check to " + getName() + " with salary " + salary); } public double getSalary() { return salary; } public void setSalary(double newSalary) { if(newSalary >= 0.0) { salary = newSalary; } } public double computePay() { System.out.println("Computing salary pay for " + getName()); return salary/52; } }

尽管我们不能实例化一个 Employee 类的对象，但是如果我们实例化一个 Salary 类对象，该对象将从 Employee 类继承 7 个成员方法，且通过该方法可以设置或获取三个成员变量。

AbstractDemo.java 文件代码：

/* 文件名 : AbstractDemo.java */ public class AbstractDemo { public static void main(String [] args) { Salary s = new Salary("Mohd Mohtashim", "Ambehta, UP", 3, 3600.00); Employee e = new Salary("John Adams", "Boston, MA", 2, 2400.00); System.out.println("Call mailCheck using Salary reference --"); s.mailCheck(); System.out.println("\n Call mailCheck using Employee reference--"); e.mailCheck(); } }

以上程序编译运行结果如下：

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